[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ming-jing":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":8,"era":9,"glyph":12,"oneLiner":16,"summary":17,"tags":18,"infobox":23,"sections":36,"quotes":52,"related":86,"seo":98},"jing","ming","敬",[],"ru",{"from":10,"to":11},-551,-221,{"ossKey":13,"caption":14,"link":15},"excavated\u002Fguodian\u002Fglyphs\u002F10\u002Fzundeyi_20_20_3c39de77.jpg","郭店 · 尊德义 简20","\u002Fexcavated\u002Fguodian\u002Fzundeyi","专一谨慎而尊重他人的持心之德","敬是先秦儒家贯穿居处、事亲、从政与学习的持心方式，要求专一、谨慎并尊重对象；孔子重敬事与敬人，孟子论敬内在而荀子以礼义规定其分寸。",[19,20,21,22],"持敬","敬人","谨慎","礼敬",[24,27,30,33],{"label":25,"value":26},"定义","专一谨慎并尊重他人",{"label":28,"value":29},"语源","古义含警戒、肃恭之意",{"label":31,"value":32},"首出文献","《尚书》《诗经》多见敬字",{"label":34,"value":35},"相对概念","慢、怠与轻侮",[37,40,43,46,49],{"heading":38,"md":39},"定义与语源","敬是专一其心、谨慎其事并尊重他人的德性态度。古代“敬”有警戒、肃恭之意，先秦经典既用它表示对天、祖先和长者的恭肃，也用来说明处理事务时不怠慢。儒家把敬从仪式姿态扩展为持续的持心方式：人在独处、事亲、任职和学习时，都要避免轻率与玩忽。\n\n敬不等于紧张恐惧，更不是对权势一概低头。它要求看清对象与事务的重要性，按合宜方式给予尊重，并在行动中保持专注。敬若没有义和智，可能沦为媚上；敬若没有礼的表达，也容易只停留在内心愿望。",{"heading":41,"md":42},"经典文句中的展开","《论语·学而》说“敬事而信”，把敬与办事态度、守信承诺并列；《论语·子路》记孔子答樊迟，以“居处恭，执事敬，与人忠”概括仁者的日用工夫。居处恭是平常不放肆，执事敬是临事不苟且，与人忠则把对事的专注落实为对人的尽心。\n\n敬也表现在对父母和长者的关系中。《论语·为政》说奉养若“不敬”，便与养犬马没有根本区别；《孟子·离娄下》说“敬人者，人恒敬之”，则把敬从家庭推向普遍交往。敬不是单方面的礼貌表演，而是在承认对方为有尊严的人的基础上，形成可以互相回应的关系。",{"heading":44,"md":45},"孔孟荀异同","孔子把敬作为仁、孝和为政的实践维度。敬事使人不怠慢职分，敬人使爱人不流于轻薄，敬亲则使奉养具有真正的人伦内容。他同时反对徒有形式的恭敬，礼若没有敬意便会失其诚实。\n\n孟子强调“敬以直内，义以方外”，敬使内心端直，义使外在行为有方。孟子所说的敬长、敬人不是对身份的盲目崇拜，而是由内在不忍与恭敬出发，再以义判断是否合宜。敬可以由亲长关系扩充，却不能取消对不义的拒绝。\n\n荀子把敬纳入礼义与职分秩序，认为不同身份、场合和关系各有节文。荀子又说“仁者必敬人”，将敬视为仁者对人的基本态度。三家都把敬视为成德工夫，孔子重日用持敬，孟子重敬内义外，荀子重礼制使敬获得稳定形式。",{"heading":47,"md":48},"敬与礼、诚、慎独","敬与礼相互成就。礼规定揖让、言语、服饰和祭祀的次序，敬使这些形式不成为机械表演；没有礼，敬可能只剩模糊的好感，甚至因表达失当而冒犯他人。敬与诚也相连，真诚使恭敬不流于谄媚，敬则使真实表达保持克制和分寸。\n\n“慎独”是敬在无人监督处的延伸：独处时仍不放纵，说明持敬不依赖旁观者。先秦《礼记》相关篇章把诚意、正心与慎独联系起来，但不宜把后世完整的“主敬”体系倒推给孔孟荀。就先秦文本而言，敬首先是临事专一、待人尊重和自我警戒的实践姿态。",{"heading":50,"md":51},"后世流变","汉代以后，敬被广泛用于祭祀、君臣和家族礼法，宋明儒者又以“主敬”解释静坐、涵养和心性工夫。后世扩展强化了敬的内在修养面，却也可能使它脱离具体关系。回到先秦，敬仍须落实于敬事、敬亲、敬人和守礼，不能只是一种抽象的肃穆心情。",[53,60,66,73,79],{"text":54,"source":55,"note":56,"classic":57},"居处恭，执事敬，与人忠。虽之夷狄，不可弃也。","《论语·子路》","居处、办事和待人都要恭敬尽心，即使处在夷狄之地也不可舍弃。",{"slug":58,"volume":59},"lunyu",13,{"text":61,"source":62,"note":63,"classic":64},"敬事而信，节用而爱人，使民以时。","《论语·学而》","敬慎办事与守信并列，体现为政者对职分和民事的负责。",{"slug":58,"volume":65},1,{"text":67,"source":68,"note":69,"classic":70},"敬人者，人恒敬之；爱人者，人恒爱之。","《孟子·离娄下》","尊重与关爱他人，通常会形成相互回应的人际关系。",{"slug":71,"volume":72},"mengzi",8,{"text":74,"source":75,"note":76,"classic":77},"仁者必敬人。","《荀子·臣道》","荀子以敬人为仁者的基本表现，并要求它落实在礼义秩序中。",{"slug":78,"volume":59},"xunzi",{"text":80,"source":81,"note":82,"classic":83},"敬以直内，义以方外。","《周易·坤·文言》","敬使内心端直，义使外在行动有原则和边界。",{"slug":84,"volume":85},"zhouyi",5,[87,89,91,93,95,97],{"topic":5,"slug":88},"li",{"topic":5,"slug":90},"cheng",{"topic":5,"slug":92},"shendu",{"topic":5,"slug":94},"ren",{"topic":5,"slug":96},"xiao",{"topic":94,"slug":78},{"title":99,"description":100,"keywords":101},"敬——先秦儒家的持敬、敬人与敬事 | 儒家百科","敬是先秦儒家贯穿修身、事亲、为政和学习的持心之德。本文结合《论语》《孟子》《荀子》说明敬事、敬人、敬亲与礼义的关系，并辨析敬与诚、慎独及后世主敬说。",[6,102,103,104,19,105,106,107],"敬是什么意思","敬事而信","敬人者人恒敬之","敬以直内","慎独","儒家修身"]