[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ming-xiao":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":8,"era":9,"glyph":12,"oneLiner":16,"summary":17,"tags":18,"infobox":23,"sections":36,"quotes":52,"related":79,"seo":91},"xiao","ming","孝",[],"ru",{"from":10,"to":11},-551,-221,{"ossKey":13,"caption":14,"link":15},"excavated\u002Fguodian\u002Fglyphs\u002F15\u002Fyucong-3_61_1_5cc15eca.jpg","郭店 · 语丛三 简61","\u002Fexcavated\u002Fguodian\u002Fyucong-3","以敬亲事亲为本的亲亲之德","孝以敬亲、养亲和承继家道为基本要求，是先秦儒家由亲亲推及仁民的重要起点；孔孟强调敬与推扩，荀子则以礼制和名分安顿亲亲关系。",[19,20,21,22],"亲亲","敬亲","家庭伦理","仁政",[24,27,30,33],{"label":25,"value":26},"定义","敬爱父母并尽事亲之责",{"label":28,"value":29},"语源","古文字本指善事父母",{"label":31,"value":32},"首出文献","《尚书》《诗经》已有用例",{"label":34,"value":35},"相对概念","不孝、悌与仁",[37,40,43,46,49],{"heading":38,"md":39},"定义与语源","孝是以敬爱父母、奉养亲长并承当家庭责任为核心的德目。古文字“孝”从老省、从子，通常被解释为子承老意；字形解释可以帮助理解其亲子方向，却不能代替先秦语境中的具体论说。《尚书》《诗经》已见孝的用例，到了《论语》，孝成为孔门讨论成人与为政的常用尺度。\n\n孝不只是提供衣食，也不等于对父母一切要求无条件服从。孔子把“敬”置于“养”之上，又要求子女在父母过失时以恭敬方式劝谏。孝因此同时包含情感、礼节、责任和判断：亲在时尽力事奉，亲没后谨慎丧祭，并以自己的德行不辱先人。",{"heading":41,"md":42},"经典文句中的展开","《论语·学而》把“入则孝，出则弟”列为年轻人日用工夫，孝与悌共同构成由家庭进入公共交往的起点。《论语·为政》又说父母在时“游必有方”，并以“三年无改于父之道”说明守丧与承继的深厚情义，但这并非鼓励不问是非地沿袭旧事。\n\n孔子特别区分养与敬：“今之孝者，是谓能养。至于犬马，皆能有养；不敬，何以别乎？”奉养若没有敬意，只剩物质供给，便失去孝的伦理内容。《论语·里仁》还说父母之年不可不知，提醒子女同时怀有喜惧之心：既庆幸亲长高寿，又自觉相聚时日有限。",{"heading":44,"md":45},"孔孟荀异同","孔子以孝为亲亲关系中的实践德性，强调敬、无违于礼和有过则谏。他并不把孝孤立为私人感情，而是把它与弟、忠、信相连，认为能在亲近关系中克制任性，才有可能在社会事务中守礼尽责。\n\n孟子把孝置于人性善的亲亲发端之中。“孩提之童，无不知爱其亲；及其长也，无不知敬其兄”，说明爱亲、敬长是普遍而自然的萌芽；但孟子也主张“亲亲而仁民”，孝必须向外推扩，不能成为纵容亲族、损害公义的借口。舜处理瞽瞍的故事，正显示孝与义之间需要权衡。\n\n荀子不以自然亲爱足以成德，而强调礼义、名分和长期教化。他在《礼论》中把丧祭等礼看作安顿生者情感、追念死者的制度，使亲亲有可遵循的节度。三家都重视事亲，差别在于孔子重日用敬行，孟子重亲亲之心的推扩，荀子重礼制对情感的整饬。",{"heading":47,"md":48},"孝与悌、忠、义","孝与悌都是亲亲之德：孝主要指向父母，悌主要指向兄长及长幼秩序。二者并列并非要把家庭封闭起来，而是训练人在亲疏、长幼关系中学习敬让、承责和自我约束。孔子把孝弟视为“仁之本”，强调它们是仁德的近处工夫，不是仁的全部定义。\n\n孝与忠也不能简单等同。先秦语境中的忠首先是尽己、诚实不欺和对事尽责，孝则以亲属关系为对象；当父母要求与义相冲时，孟子所说的取义表明亲亲仍须受公义裁断。孝若脱离义，可能变成徇私；义若完全抛弃亲亲，又失去人的真实情感根基。",{"heading":50,"md":51},"后世流变","汉代以后，孝被纳入经学、察举和国家教化，相关故事与制度不断增饰；《孝经》也成为专门论孝的重要早期文献。后世常把孝扩展为服制、旌表和家族秩序的完整规范。回到先秦，孝的核心仍是敬亲、尽责、哀敬有节，并在亲亲基础上推及更广的仁与义，不能以形式压倒判断。",[53,60,66,73],{"text":54,"source":55,"note":56,"classic":57},"弟子入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁。","《论语·学而》","在家事亲、出外敬长，是年轻人由家庭工夫走向广泛交往的次序。",{"slug":58,"volume":59},"lunyu",1,{"text":61,"source":62,"note":63,"classic":64},"今之孝者，是谓能养。至于犬马，皆能有养；不敬，何以别乎？","《论语·为政》","物质奉养若没有敬意，便不能体现孝的人伦意义。",{"slug":58,"volume":65},2,{"text":67,"source":68,"note":69,"classic":70},"事孰为大？事亲为大；守孰为大？守身为大。","《孟子·离娄上》","孟子把事亲视为重要责任，同时以守身守义限制对亲的盲从。",{"slug":71,"volume":72},"mengzi",7,{"text":74,"source":75,"note":76,"classic":77},"孩提之童，无不知爱其亲；及其长也，无不知敬其兄也。","《孟子·尽心上》","爱亲敬长是人性中自然可见的发端，仍须成长与扩充。",{"slug":71,"volume":78},13,[80,82,84,86,88,89],{"topic":5,"slug":81},"ti",{"topic":5,"slug":83},"ren",{"topic":5,"slug":85},"yi",{"topic":83,"slug":87},"kongzi",{"topic":83,"slug":71},{"topic":83,"slug":90},"minziqian",{"title":92,"description":93,"keywords":94},"孝——先秦儒家如何理解敬亲与事亲 | 儒家百科","孝是先秦儒家由亲亲入仁的重要德目。本文依据《论语》《孟子》说明孝不止于奉养，更包含敬意、劝谏、守身与推扩，并比较孔子、孟子、荀子对孝与礼义关系的不同侧重。",[6,95,96,97,98,99,100,101],"孝是什么意思","孔子孝道","事亲","亲亲仁民","孝与悌","孝与义","儒家家庭伦理"]