[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ming-yong":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":8,"era":9,"glyph":12,"oneLiner":16,"summary":17,"tags":18,"infobox":23,"sections":36,"quotes":52,"related":79,"seo":91},"yong","ming","勇",[],"ru",{"from":10,"to":11},-551,-221,{"ossKey":13,"caption":14,"link":15},"excavated\u002Fguodian\u002Fglyphs\u002F11\u002Fxingzimingchu_63_3_b5a798d5.jpg","郭店 · 性自命出 简63","\u002Fexcavated\u002Fguodian\u002Fxingzimingchu","以义为准则的果敢担当","勇是面对困难、利害与强暴时果敢担当的德目，但先秦儒家反复强调勇须受仁义和礼智节制；孔孟荀分别从不惧、守志与礼义教化说明真正的勇。",[19,20,21,22],"果敢","义勇","担当","节制",[24,27,30,33],{"label":25,"value":26},"定义","合乎义理而无惧担当",{"label":28,"value":29},"语源","古文字与力量、用力相关",{"label":31,"value":32},"首出文献","《尚书》《论语》多有用例",{"label":34,"value":35},"相对概念","匹夫之勇与怯懦",[37,40,43,46,49],{"heading":38,"md":39},"定义与语源","勇是人在危险、贫困、压力或重大选择面前能够果敢行动、承担后果的德目。古文字中的勇与用力、力量相涉，先秦论勇却很少把身体强悍本身当作价值；勇之所以可贵，在于它服务于仁、义和公共责任。没有正当方向的冲动，只是血气或好斗。\n\n因此，儒家常把勇列入智、仁等德性系统考察。勇使人能执行所知、坚持所当为，智则帮助辨别方向，仁使行动不伤人，礼为行动规定分寸。勇既可能成就义举，也可能因轻率而酿乱，关键在于它是否经过判断与自我约束。",{"heading":41,"md":42},"经典文句中的展开","《论语·宪问》说“仁者不忧，知者不惑，勇者不惧”，把勇表现为面对艰难时不被恐惧完全支配；这并不意味着勇者没有危险意识，而是能够在判断清楚后承担应负的责任。《论语·为政》又说“见义不为，无勇也”，把勇从战场和争斗移到日常道德选择，见到应做之事却因利害退缩，同样是缺乏勇。\n\n孔子同时警惕“好勇疾贫，乱也”。若只好逞强又不能安于贫困，便会因急于求利而扰乱社会。勇必须与安贫、知耻、守礼相连，不能以声音高、行动快或敢于冒险作为唯一尺度。",{"heading":44,"md":45},"孔孟荀异同","孔子重视勇在行动中的不惧与担当，却将它置于仁、智、义的判断中。勇者不是任性冒进的人，而是在“见义”之后敢于实行的人；如果对象不义，越勇猛越可能造成伤害。\n\n孟子把勇与守志、守义联系起来。面对富贵、贫贱和威武都不改其志，是把外在压力转化为人格坚守；“志士不忘在沟壑，勇士不忘丧其元”更强调义士预先承担最坏后果。孟子所谓大勇，核心在不失其道，而非战胜他人。\n\n荀子更明确地区分小人之勇与君子之勇，强调礼义、法度和师法对血气的化导。勇若无礼，容易争斗；勇若有义，才能在职分中尽责、在群体中成事。三家都反对无方向的蛮勇，孔子重见义而为，孟子重守志不屈，荀子重以礼义教化血气。",{"heading":47,"md":48},"勇与仁、义、智、耻","勇与义的关系最紧密：义告诉人何事应为，勇使人不因利害而退。勇与智也不可分，若不能辨是非，只会把鲁莽误认成决断。仁则为勇规定不可伤人的底线，礼使勇在言语、争执和政治行动中保持分寸。\n\n知耻是勇的反面支点。知道可耻之事，才会有勇气拒绝不义、承认错误和改过；一味维护面子，反而会驱使人逞强。儒家所赞的勇常表现为进谏、守义、赴难和担当职分，而非追逐危险或压倒弱者。",{"heading":50,"md":51},"后世流变","汉代以后，勇逐渐与武事、忠烈和军事伦理相连，后世又常以勇烈故事塑造道德典范。这样的扩展保留了担当的一面，却可能遮蔽先秦对血气之勇的警惕。按孔孟荀的原意，勇必须由仁义、智与礼共同裁定，首先是面对正当责任时不退缩。",[53,60,66,72],{"text":54,"source":55,"note":56,"classic":57},"仁者不忧，知者不惑，勇者不惧。","《论语·宪问》","仁、智、勇分别克服忧、惑、惧，勇表现为有判断后的不被恐惧所夺。",{"slug":58,"volume":59},"lunyu",14,{"text":61,"source":62,"note":63,"classic":64},"见义不为，无勇也。","《论语·为政》","看见合义之事却不行动，是道德上的怯弱。",{"slug":58,"volume":65},2,{"text":67,"source":68,"note":69,"classic":70},"好勇疾贫，乱也。","《论语·泰伯》","只爱逞勇又厌恶贫困，容易因急于逐利而造成混乱。",{"slug":58,"volume":71},8,{"text":73,"source":74,"note":75,"classic":76},"富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈，此之谓大丈夫。","《孟子·滕文公下》","孟子以不受外在境遇改变志向说明人格的大勇。",{"slug":77,"volume":78},"mengzi",6,[80,82,84,86,88,90],{"topic":5,"slug":81},"yi",{"topic":5,"slug":83},"ren",{"topic":5,"slug":85},"zhi",{"topic":5,"slug":87},"chi",{"topic":83,"slug":89},"kongzi",{"topic":83,"slug":77},{"title":92,"description":93,"keywords":94},"勇——先秦儒家所说的义勇与大勇 | 儒家百科","儒家所说的勇并非逞强好斗，而是见义敢为、守志不屈并能承担后果。本文结合《论语》《孟子》说明勇与仁义、智、耻的关系，并介绍荀子如何以礼义教化血气之勇。",[6,95,96,20,97,98,99,100],"勇是什么意思","见义不为无勇","大丈夫","孔子勇","孟子大勇","儒家德目"]