[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ming-zhiyan-yangqi":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":8,"era":9,"glyph":12,"oneLiner":16,"summary":17,"tags":18,"infobox":23,"sections":36,"quotes":52,"related":77,"seo":90},"zhiyan-yangqi","ming","知言养气",[],"ru",{"from":10,"to":11},-551,-221,{"ossKey":13,"caption":14,"link":15},"excavated\u002Fguodian\u002Fglyphs\u002F13\u002Fyucong-1_85_3_8c6fad7e.jpg","郭店 · 语丛一 简85","\u002Fexcavated\u002Fguodian\u002Fyucong-1","以辨言和养气成就大丈夫","知言养气是孟子回答公孙丑时提出的修养纲领：能识别言辞的偏蔽，又以持守义理涵养浩然之气。二者分别关乎判断与人格力量，共同支撑不动心和大丈夫之道。",[19,20,21,22],"孟子","浩然之气","修身","言辞辨析",[24,27,30,33],{"label":25,"value":26},"定义","辨言察蔽并涵养浩然之气",{"label":28,"value":29},"首出","《孟子·公孙丑上》",{"label":31,"value":32},"主体","孟子自述工夫",{"label":34,"value":35},"关联","不动心、大丈夫",[37,40,43,46,49],{"heading":38,"md":39},"定义与语源","“知言养气”出自《孟子·公孙丑上》孟子与公孙丑的问答，是孟子自述修养所得的两项本领。“知言”不是博闻强记，而是听到一段话便能察觉其立场、偏蔽和推论方向；“养气”也不是练呼吸或鼓动血气，而是长期以义为据，使内在精神形成浩然、充实而不受外力挫折的力量。两者一属认识判断，一属人格实践，却由同一套义理贯通。\n\n公孙丑问孟子有何长处，孟子先说自己“知言”，又说“善养吾浩然之气”。他没有把二者说成神秘天赋，而是以“集义所生”说明气的来源：每次行为都合乎义，久而久之才有稳定的精神气象；偶然逞强、以一件善行为自满，都不能制造浩然之气。",{"heading":41,"md":42},"经典文句中的展开","孟子解释知言说：“诐辞知其所蔽，淫辞知其所陷，邪辞知其所离，遁辞知其所穷。”诐辞片面，淫辞失度，邪辞偏离正道，遁辞则在理屈时逃避。知言不是给人贴标签，而是追问言辞遮蔽、陷入、离开了什么，须兼听语境和动机。\n\n浩然之气“至大至刚，以直养而无害，则塞于天地之间”。“直”是正直合义，不是蛮横；“无害”是不以不义损伤它。气“配义与道”，只能由持续守义、知耻和担当而成。孟子以“不动心”说明成果：面对毁誉、利害与强暴，心不随外物摇摆；这不是拒绝思考，而是建立在明辨义理之上。",{"heading":44,"md":45},"孔孟荀异同","孔子没有使用“浩然之气”，却要求君子在贫困、威武和毁誉前守住义。“君子固穷”所说的，正是处境变化中不改其志；孟子把这种坚贞理论化，以气说明义如何沉淀为精神力量，知言也与孔子听言观行相接。\n\n孟子把知言与养气并举，表明不能只有论辩技巧。会拆解言辞而未养义气，容易成为逞口舌的辩士；只讲气节而不知言，又可能把偏激误认正直。“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈”的大丈夫，正是辨理与守义的合一。\n\n荀子重正名、辨说和积习，却以礼义、师法、法度说明人的塑造，不以浩然之气为核心。孟子强调由义端生气，荀子强调学习、制度与长期人为。",{"heading":47,"md":48},"相关概念","知言养气与“义”不可分：义是判断和行动的准绳，气是义反复落实后形成的力量；脱离义谈气，可能沦为血气之勇，脱离气谈义，又会停在口头认同。它也与“诚”相通，不自欺、不以一善掩百过，才能使所知与所行一致。\n\n知言关联是非之心，却不是智的全部，最终要落实为不受诡辩牵引的选择。养气则与耻、勇相联，知不义而惭愧、受压力仍担当，才不是空泛气势。",{"heading":50,"md":51},"后世流变","汉唐注家多从义理和辞说解释知言，宋明儒者又把养气纳入居敬、存养和心性工夫，后世“养气”有时被转作文学气格或身体修炼的说法。现代语境也常把浩然之气泛化为豪迈气势。回到《孟子》，知言首先是识别言辞的道德结构，养气则是集义而成的人格力量，二者都以持续实践为条件，不能简化成情绪激昂。",[53,59,63,67,71],{"text":54,"source":29,"note":55,"classic":56},"我知言，我善养吾浩然之气。","孟子以知言和养气概括自己的修养长处。",{"slug":57,"volume":58},"mengzi",3,{"text":60,"source":29,"note":61,"classic":62},"诐辞知其所蔽，淫辞知其所陷，邪辞知其所离，遁辞知其所穷。","能从片面、放荡、邪僻和逃避之辞中看出其论证的偏蔽与困窘。",{"slug":57,"volume":58},{"text":64,"source":29,"note":65,"classic":66},"其为气也，至大至刚，以直养而无害，则塞于天地之间。","浩然之气广大刚强，须以正直持养而不被不义损伤。",{"slug":57,"volume":58},{"text":68,"source":29,"note":69,"classic":70},"是集义所生者，非义袭而取之也。","浩然之气由日积月累的合义行为生成，不是偶然袭取或刻意装出的气势。",{"slug":57,"volume":58},{"text":72,"source":73,"note":74,"classic":75},"富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈，此之谓大丈夫。","《孟子·滕文公下》","大丈夫在利禄、困穷和强力面前都不失其志，是养气不动心的外在表现。",{"slug":57,"volume":76},6,[78,80,82,84,86,88],{"topic":79,"slug":57},"ren",{"topic":79,"slug":81},"gongsunchou",{"topic":5,"slug":83},"yi",{"topic":5,"slug":85},"zhi",{"topic":5,"slug":87},"cheng",{"topic":5,"slug":89},"zhongyong",{"title":91,"description":92,"keywords":93},"知言养气——孟子浩然之气与不动心工夫 | 儒家百科","知言养气是什么意思？本文依据《孟子·公孙丑上》解释知言如何辨析诐辞、淫辞、邪辞、遁辞，养气为何必须集义而生，并联系大丈夫、不动心和孔荀修养论说明其先秦含义。",[6,20,19,94,95,96,97,98],"不动心","大丈夫","集义所生","诐辞","养气是什么意思"]