[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ming-zhong":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":8,"era":9,"glyph":12,"oneLiner":16,"summary":17,"tags":18,"infobox":23,"sections":36,"quotes":52,"related":79,"seo":93},"zhong","ming","忠",[],"ru",{"from":10,"to":11},-551,-221,{"ossKey":13,"caption":14,"link":15},"excavated\u002Fguodian\u002Fglyphs\u002F10\u002Fzundeyi_30_13_39f2f19c.jpg","郭店 · 尊德义 简30","\u002Fexcavated\u002Fguodian\u002Fzundeyi","尽己诚敬并忠于所事的实践德目","忠在先秦儒家中首先是尽己、诚敬和为人谋事不欺的态度，孔子将它用于每日自省、交往与政事，并与恕相配形成由己及人的实践方法。",[19,20,21,22],"德目","尽己","修身","忠恕",[24,27,30,33],{"label":25,"value":26},"定义","尽己诚敬而不欺所事",{"label":28,"value":29},"语源","中心之心与尽己之义",{"label":31,"value":32},"首出","《尚书》《左传》《论语》",{"label":34,"value":35},"对举","忠恕、忠信",[37,40,43,46,49],{"heading":38,"md":39},"定义与语源","忠是先秦儒家要求对所承担之事尽己、诚敬、不欺的德目。它表现为为人谋事竭尽心力，也表现为居官、交友、学习时不敷衍。忠不等同于对君主无条件服从，更不是后来的单一政治效忠；它首先要求把心力真实投入所当之事，并接受仁义礼检验。\n\n“忠”常被解释为中心之心，提示内心专一，但字源解释不能替代篇章语境。早期文献已有忠臣、忠信用例，孔子则把忠从臣属关系扩展到朋友、师生和自我修养；《论语》以忠与信并列，《礼记·中庸》又以忠恕说工夫。",{"heading":41,"md":42},"经典文句中的展开","曾子说“吾日三省吾身”，其中两问分别是“为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？”忠在这里不是外界授予的称号，而是每天检查自己是否真正为他人尽心、是否把托付之事当作自己的责任。它与信相邻却有区别：忠偏重尽己和不欺其事，信偏重言行相副、使人可凭。\n\n孔子又说“居之无倦，行之以忠”，把忠分为两面：处在某一职位、关系或德行上不懈怠，落实于行动时尽心而行。忠因此不是一时激烈的表态，而是持久、具体、可检验的勤勉。若所事本身不义，盲目投入并不能使之成为忠；忠须与义、礼和仁共同决定投入的方向。",{"heading":44,"md":45},"孔孟荀异同","孔子常在交往和政事中讲忠。他要求臣下“事君以忠”，但同时要求君以礼使臣、以道正国，忠并非放弃判断；对朋友和弟子也要忠，说明尽己不只服务于君臣一端。孔子把忠纳入“夫子之道”，又与恕并举，使忠成为由自身诚实投入、再推及他人的工夫。\n\n孟子较少把忠单列成理论核心，但他谈事君、交友、为政时同样强调尽心与不欺。孟子又以义裁量关系中的责任：面对无道之君，谏诤、去就和守节不能只看服从形式。这样，忠不是舍弃义的牺牲，而是忠于正当之道、忠于百姓和所应承担的责任。\n\n荀子把忠信放入礼义、名分和职分的秩序中。臣、子、朋友各有职责，只有名实相副、各尽其分，群体才不因猜疑和怠惰而解体。荀子较少诉诸“中心之心”的直觉，而强调学习、制度和长期积习使尽职成为稳定品格。三家都拒绝虚伪与敷衍，差异在于孔子重自省与忠恕，孟子重义对忠的裁量，荀子重职分和秩序。",{"heading":47,"md":48},"忠与恕信义","忠与恕最适合放在一起理解。忠是从自身出发尽己、诚敬地承担，恕是推己及人、不把自己不愿承受的强加给别人；只有忠而无恕，尽心可能变成强迫，只有恕而无忠，又可能停在宽容表态。孔子以“忠恕”概括其道，正是把内在认真和体谅连接起来。\n\n忠与信相互支撑：为人谋若无忠，承诺易敷衍；交友若无信，尽己也难被依赖。忠与义有方向关系：忠要求尽力，义判断所尽之力是否应当；对不义之事越卖力，越不能成为儒家意义的忠。忠与孝、敬、勇相连，却都受义礼节制，不能是不问是非的服从。",{"heading":50,"md":51},"后世流变","汉代以后，忠逐渐与君臣纲常和国家政治结合，后世文学又常以忠臣故事塑造其典范。宋明儒者把忠恕纳入心性工夫，讨论尽己与推己的内外关系。后世含义虽日益偏向臣节，先秦儒家所说的忠仍不限于君臣，而是对所事尽己、诚敬不欺，并以仁义判断其方向。",[53,60,66,72],{"text":54,"source":55,"note":56,"classic":57},"为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？","《论语·学而》","曾子每日反省为人谋事是否尽心、交友是否可信，以及所传所学是否温习。",{"slug":58,"volume":59},"lunyu",1,{"text":61,"source":62,"note":63,"classic":64},"居之无倦，行之以忠。","《论语·颜渊》","处在职位或关系中不懈怠，落实于行动则以尽心不欺为原则。",{"slug":58,"volume":65},12,{"text":67,"source":68,"note":69,"classic":70},"夫子之道，忠恕而已矣。","《论语·里仁》","曾子以忠恕概括孔子之道，忠是尽己，恕是推己及人。",{"slug":58,"volume":71},4,{"text":73,"source":74,"note":75,"classic":76},"忠恕违道不远。施诸己而不愿，亦勿施于人。","《礼记·中庸》","忠恕使实践不远离道，并以不把自己不愿承受的强加给人为准则。",{"slug":77,"volume":78},"liji",31,[80,83,85,87,89,91],{"topic":81,"slug":82},"ren","kongzi",{"topic":81,"slug":84},"zengzi",{"topic":5,"slug":86},"shu",{"topic":5,"slug":88},"xin",{"topic":5,"slug":90},"yi",{"topic":5,"slug":92},"xiao",{"title":94,"description":95,"keywords":96},"忠——先秦儒家的尽己、忠恕与为人谋 | 儒家百科","忠在先秦儒家中首先是尽己诚敬、为人谋事不欺的德目，并不限于对君主效忠。本文从曾子的每日三省、孔子的居之无倦行之以忠，讲到忠恕及其与信义的关系。",[6,97,22,98,99,100,101,102],"忠是什么意思","为人谋而不忠乎","居之无倦行之以忠","忠信","孔子忠","儒家忠"]