[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-gongxihua":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":10,"era":11,"oneLiner":13,"summary":14,"tags":15,"infobox":20,"sections":40,"quotes":59,"related":85,"seo":97},"gongxihua","ren","公西华",[8,9],"公西赤","子华","ru",{"from":12},-509,"孔门中娴于礼仪宾相的弟子","公西华即公西赤，字子华，鲁国人。他熟悉宗庙会同与宾客辞令，曾出使齐国，在孔门中以礼仪实践和谦逊自持见称。",[16,17,18,19],"孔门弟子","礼仪","宾相","出使",[21,24,27,29,32,35,37],{"label":22,"value":23},"姓","公西",{"label":25,"value":26},"名","赤",{"label":28,"value":9},"字",{"label":30,"value":31},"生卒","约前509—不详",{"label":33,"value":34},"国籍","鲁国",{"label":36,"value":16},"身份",{"label":38,"value":39},"师承","孔子",[41,44,47,50,53,56],{"heading":42,"md":43},"生平","公西华，复姓公西，名赤，字子华，鲁国人。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》称他少孔子四十二岁，据孔子传统生年推算，约生于前509年，卒年不详。现存材料没有他的完整仕履，能够确认的活动主要是从学孔子、参与孔门问答并出使齐国。",{"heading":45,"md":46},"师承与孔门","公西华虽未列入《论语·先进》四科十哲，却以娴习礼仪、能够接待宾客而受孔子肯定。孟武伯问及其才，孔子说“赤也，束带立于朝，可使与宾客言也”，同时仍说“不知其仁也”（《论语·公冶长》）。孔子由此区分专门才具与完整仁德：能任礼宾之事值得肯定，却不等于已可轻许为仁。",{"heading":48,"md":49},"主要事迹","《论语·先进》的侍坐章中，公西华自陈愿望：在宗庙祭祀或诸侯会同时，穿礼服、戴礼冠，做一名“小相”。他措辞谦逊，孔子后来却反问：“赤也为之小，孰能为之大？”意谓他所说其实已是诸侯大礼，并非无足轻重。\n\n《论语·雍也》又记“子华使于齐”。冉有替其母请粟，孔子只许有限接济，并指出公西华乘肥马、衣轻裘，家中并不急困。此章重点在孔子“周急不继富”的分配原则，也旁证公西华确曾承担出使任务。",{"heading":51,"md":52},"礼仪与志向","公西华没有传下独立论著，其志向集中在宗庙、会同与宾相之礼。春秋时会同不仅是仪式，也涉及诸侯交往、辞令和名分秩序；“端章甫”表明他愿以合礼服饰进入公共事务，“愿为小相”则显示自知而不夸能。孔子称其可与宾客言，说明礼在这里不是静态仪节，而是通过合宜言辞与仪容协调政治关系。\n\n《论语·述而》中，孔子自称对于圣与仁不敢居，却能“为之不厌，诲人不倦”；公西华回应“正唯弟子不能学也”。这句话表现他能识见教师持续实践与教学之难，并不因熟悉仪节便把德行化约为外在形式。",{"heading":54,"md":55},"文献中的形象","《论语》呈现的公西华谦谨、整饬而能任事。他在侍坐时不像子路那样率尔自许，所谈却实际关联诸侯礼典；孔子的追评揭示其才足以任更重要的礼宾角色。出使齐国一章又让人看到他的现实条件，但孔子批评的直接对象是冉有过量给粟，不宜据此断定公西华奢侈。较晚的《孔子家语》进一步称他熟悉宾主之仪，可作参考，却不应反过来取代《论语》的早期材料。",{"heading":57,"md":58},"后世流变","后世孔庙从祀将公西华列为先贤，历代又有封爵与称号；礼书和孔门传记多突出其宾相才能。近世也常把他概括为外交人才，但这一现代称谓容易遮蔽会同、宗庙与礼制的春秋语境。就先秦材料而言，他最鲜明的定位，是能把礼仪、辞令和政治交往结合起来的孔门弟子。",[60,67,73,79],{"text":61,"source":62,"note":63,"classic":64},"赤也，束带立于朝，可使与宾客言也，不知其仁也。","《论语·公冶长》","孔子肯定公西赤可以在朝廷接待宾客，同时不轻率断言他已经达到仁。",{"slug":65,"volume":66},"lunyu",5,{"text":68,"source":69,"note":70,"classic":71},"宗庙之事，如会同，端章甫，愿为小相焉。","《论语·先进》","公西华愿在祭祀或诸侯会同时穿戴礼服礼冠，担任辅礼的小相。",{"slug":65,"volume":72},11,{"text":74,"source":75,"note":76,"classic":77},"赤之适齐也，乘肥马，衣轻裘。吾闻之也：君子周急不继富。","《论语·雍也》","孔子由公西华出使齐国的情形说明救济应帮助急困者，而非增益富足者。",{"slug":65,"volume":78},6,{"text":80,"source":81,"note":82,"classic":83},"正唯弟子不能学也。","《论语·述而》","公西华认为孔子为道不厌、教人不倦，正是弟子难以学到的境界。",{"slug":65,"volume":84},7,[86,88,90,92,95],{"topic":5,"slug":87},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":89},"ranqiu",{"topic":5,"slug":91},"zengdian",{"topic":93,"slug":94},"ming","li",{"topic":93,"slug":96},"liyue",{"title":98,"description":99,"keywords":100},"公西华——公西赤的礼仪才能与宾相之志 | 儒家百科","公西华是谁？本词条依据《论语》《史记》介绍公西赤、子华的生平，梳理他出使齐国、侍坐言志及宗庙会同中的宾相才能，并说明孔子对其礼仪实践与仁德的评价。",[6,8,9,101,102,103,104],"孔子弟子","宗庙会同","侍坐言志","宾相之礼"]