[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-gongyechang":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":9,"era":10,"oneLiner":14,"summary":15,"tags":16,"infobox":21,"sections":42,"quotes":61,"related":73,"seo":85},"gongyechang","ren","公冶长",[8],"子长","ru",{"from":11,"to":12,"label":13},-551,-479,"生卒不详，系于孔门时代","蒙冤系狱而获孔子信任的弟子","公冶长字子长，是孔子弟子，籍贯有齐、鲁二说。《论语》只确记他曾身陷囹圄而并非有罪，孔子仍认可其品行并以女妻之。",[17,18,19,20],"孔门弟子","孔子女婿","缧绁","德行",[22,25,28,30,33,36,39],{"label":23,"value":24},"姓","公冶",{"label":26,"value":27},"名","长",{"label":29,"value":8},"字",{"label":31,"value":32},"生卒","不详",{"label":34,"value":35},"国籍","齐国（一说鲁国）",{"label":37,"value":38},"身份","孔门弟子、孔子女婿",{"label":40,"value":41},"师承","孔子",[43,46,49,52,55,58],{"heading":44,"md":45},"生平","公冶长，复姓公冶，名长，字子长，生卒不详。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》称他为齐人，《孔子家语·七十二弟子解》则作鲁人，籍贯无法由更早材料裁定。现存先秦及早期文献没有记录他的年龄、仕履和晚年，可靠生平几乎都围绕《论语》的一则婚配记载展开。",{"heading":47,"md":48},"师承与孔门","公冶长是孔子弟子，但《论语》没有保存他向孔子发问或自述志向的篇章。他之所以在孔门人物中受到注意，是孔子曾明确判断他“可妻也”，并把自己的女儿嫁给他。古代婚姻同时关联家族声誉与长期信任，这一选择至少表明，在《论语》编者保存的孔门记忆中，孔子认可公冶长的基本品行。",{"heading":50,"md":51},"缧绁之事","《论语·公冶长》说：“虽在缧绁之中，非其罪也。”缧绁本指捆缚囚犯的绳索，继而代指牢狱。文本只说明公冶长曾遭拘系，并由孔子判定并非其罪，却没有交代案由、地点、审判与获释经过。因此可以说他蒙受无罪之系狱，不能据传说补成完整案件。\n\n孔子的评价把法律处境与道德责任分开：一个人身在牢狱，并不足以证明其有罪或失德。孔子随后以女妻之，使“非其罪也”不只是口头同情，而成为实际信任。",{"heading":53,"md":54},"思想与品行","公冶长没有留下可确证的独立言论，因而不能为他构造系统思想。早期材料所能显示的，是一个遭受外在耻辱却未被孔子否定的人物。《孔子家语》称他“为人能忍耻”，显然是对系狱材料的品格化概括；此书成书和文本层次复杂，只可作为较晚传统参照。\n\n若从孔子择婿理解，评价人的关键在真实责任与品行，而不在一时名声或所处位置。这一意义来自叙事本身，但仍应说明：它是对孔子判断的解释，并非公冶长亲口提出的命题。",{"heading":56,"md":57},"文献中的形象","《论语》以公冶长之名题第五篇，不过篇名依首章人物取名，并不表示全篇是他的专传。首章文字极短，反而形成鲜明张力：社会身份上他是囚徒，道德判断上孔子却说“非其罪”，家族关系上又成为孔子女婿。三重身份共同强调不可用遭遇代替事实判断。\n\n《史记》基本沿录《论语》，只补充齐人、字子长。后世广传公冶长通晓鸟语、因误解鸟言而入狱等故事，早期可靠出处与版本系统复杂，且不见《论语》《史记》正文，宜归入传说，不作史实。",{"heading":59,"md":60},"后世流变","公冶长后来被纳入孔庙从祀，历代又有封爵和先贤称号。民间叙事多以“解鸟语”增强其传奇色彩，孔门谱传则着重“忍耻”与孔子择婿。就先秦儒学史而言，应把传奇与可证材料分开：公冶长最重要的文本意义，是孔子在刑狱污名面前仍依据是否真实有罪来评价人。",[62,69],{"text":63,"source":64,"note":65,"classic":66},"子谓公冶长：“可妻也。虽在缧绁之中，非其罪也。”","《论语·公冶长》","孔子认为公冶长可以托付婚姻；他虽身陷牢狱，却并非真实有罪。",{"slug":67,"volume":68},"lunyu",5,{"text":70,"source":64,"note":71,"classic":72},"以其子妻之。","孔子把自己的女儿嫁给公冶长，以实际婚姻选择表达对其品行的信任。",{"slug":67,"volume":68},[74,76,78,80,83],{"topic":5,"slug":75},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":77},"nangongkuo",{"topic":5,"slug":79},"qidiaokai",{"topic":81,"slug":82},"ming","yi",{"topic":81,"slug":84},"xin",{"title":86,"description":87,"keywords":88},"公冶长——蒙冤入狱与孔子择婿 | 儒家百科","公冶长是谁、为何入狱？本词条依据《论语》《史记》介绍子长的齐鲁籍贯异说，说明“虽在缧绁之中，非其罪也”与孔子以女妻之，并辨析通晓鸟语故事的传说性质。",[6,8,89,90,18,91,92],"公冶长入狱","缧绁之中","公冶长鸟语","孔子弟子"]