[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-qidiaokai":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":9,"era":10,"oneLiner":14,"summary":15,"tags":16,"infobox":21,"sections":41,"quotes":60,"related":72,"seo":84},"qidiaokai","ren","漆雕开",[8],"子开","ru",{"from":11,"to":12,"label":13},-551,-479,"生卒不详，系于孔门时代","以未能自信辞仕的孔门弟子","漆雕开字子开，是孔子弟子。《论语》仅记孔子让他出仕而他以“吾斯之未能信”辞谢，孔子为之欣悦；战国时又有“漆雕氏之儒”。",[17,18,19,20],"孔门弟子","辞仕","信","儒家八派",[22,25,28,30,33,36,38],{"label":23,"value":24},"姓","漆雕",{"label":26,"value":27},"名","开",{"label":29,"value":8},"字",{"label":31,"value":32},"生卒","不详",{"label":34,"value":35},"国籍","鲁、蔡等说",{"label":37,"value":17},"身份",{"label":39,"value":40},"师承","孔子",[42,45,48,51,54,57],{"heading":43,"md":44},"生平","漆雕开，复姓漆雕，字子开，春秋末年孔子弟子，生卒不详。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》只简要记“漆雕开字子开”。《孔子家语·七十二弟子解》称其蔡人、少孔子十一岁，又作字子若，并说他习《尚书》、不乐仕；旧注另有鲁人说。由于姓名、籍贯和年龄的记载不一，稳妥的传记不宜把约前540年的推算生年或某一籍贯写成定论。",{"heading":46,"md":47},"师承与孔门","《论语·公冶长》保存漆雕开与孔子之间唯一明确的直接对话。孔子让他出仕，他回答：“吾斯之未能信。”孔子听后欣悦。这里的“使仕”表明孔子认为他已具备一定任事条件；漆雕开却没有借老师的认可立即求官，而是以自身尚无充分把握为由推辞。孔子的“说”也不是反对一切出仕，而是欣赏弟子不轻率自许、仍愿继续进学的态度。",{"heading":49,"md":50},"主要事迹","漆雕开辞仕一事虽然只有十余字，却包含三层张力。第一，学与仕相接：孔门教育并不把从政排除在成德之外。第二，外在评价与内在自审有别：老师认为可仕，弟子仍要检验自己是否真能承担。第三，“未能信”不是永远拒绝，而是承认当下尚未达到确定状态。\n\n后世材料说他习《尚书》、不乐仕，又有身体受刑致残等说法；前者出自《孔子家语》，后者所据材料更晚，均不能与《论语》短章等量齐观。尤其不能因为一次辞仕，就断言漆雕开终身隐居或形成了系统的反仕思想。",{"heading":52,"md":53},"思想主张","“吾斯之未能信”中的“斯”究竟指什么，文本没有明说。它可以指对所学之道尚不能笃信践履，也可以更贴近语境，指自己对从政能力和时机尚无把握。“信”在这里也未必只是相信某个命题，更有切实自信、能以行动负责的意味。无论采用哪一种解释，漆雕开的回答都体现了先自知而后任事的审慎。\n\n《韩非子·显学》列战国儒家八派，其中有“漆雕氏之儒”。学界通常将它与漆雕开或其后学联系起来，但文中没有说明具体传承、人物和学说；同篇批评各派“取舍相反不同，而皆自谓真孔、墨”。因此，可以说漆雕之名在战国儒学分化叙事中占有一席，却不能把后世归纳的性论、勇论直接安在漆雕开本人名下。",{"heading":55,"md":56},"文献中的形象","《论语》中的漆雕开只显出一个瞬间：有出仕机会而不急进，对自己的学行保持警醒。孔子以欣悦回应，使这种“不自欺”成为他的主要形象。《韩非子》则不再写个人，而以“漆雕氏之儒”标示孔门后学的一支。两种材料之间相隔着从师生问答到学派分化的过程，传承细节已经失落。把这份失落如实交代，比用后世传说填补一套完整生平更符合现存证据。",{"heading":58,"md":59},"后世流变","《汉书·艺文志》曾著录《漆雕子》十三篇，今已亡佚，作者是漆雕开本人还是漆雕氏后学，不能确定。漆雕开后来列入孔庙从祀，历代获封，明代称“先贤漆雕子”。宋明论者常把“未能信”解释为对义理体认尚未笃实，这属于后世工夫论的发展；回到先秦材料，其可确知的意义仍是面对出仕不轻自许，以及漆雕氏一名曾进入战国儒家分派记录。",[61,68],{"text":62,"source":63,"note":64,"classic":65},"子使漆雕开仕。对曰：“吾斯之未能信。”子说。","《论语·公冶长》","孔子让漆雕开出仕，他因尚无充分把握而推辞，孔子对此感到欣悦。",{"slug":66,"volume":67},"lunyu",5,{"text":69,"source":70,"note":71},"自孔子之死也，有子张之儒，有子思之儒，有颜氏之儒，有孟氏之儒，有漆雕氏之儒，有仲良氏之儒，有孙氏之儒，有乐正氏之儒。","《韩非子·显学》","《韩非子》把漆雕氏列入孔子死后分化而成的儒家八派之一。",[73,75,77,79,82],{"topic":5,"slug":74},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":76},"zizhang",{"topic":5,"slug":78},"zisi",{"topic":80,"slug":81},"ming","xin",{"topic":80,"slug":83},"jing",{"title":85,"description":86,"keywords":87},"漆雕开——“吾斯之未能信”与辞仕 | 儒家百科","漆雕开是谁，“吾斯之未能信”是什么意思？本词条依据《论语》《史记》《孔子家语》《韩非子》梳理子开的辞仕、籍贯异说与孔子之喜，并说明“漆雕氏之儒”及其学派归属争议。",[6,8,88,89,90,20,91],"吾斯之未能信","漆雕开辞仕","漆雕氏之儒","孔子弟子"]