[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-ranboniu":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":9,"era":10,"oneLiner":14,"summary":15,"tags":16,"infobox":20,"sections":41,"quotes":60,"related":74,"seo":85},"ranboniu","ren","冉伯牛",[8],"冉耕","ru",{"from":11,"to":12,"label":13},-551,-479,"生卒不详，系于孔门时代","因德行受许却不幸患病的孔门高足","冉伯牛即冉耕，是孔门德行科弟子。传世记载极少，最著名的是他患重病时孔子隔窗执手探问、反复叹命，由此留下德行受许而遭遇不幸的鲜明形象。",[17,18,19],"孔门十哲","德行","孔门弟子",[21,24,27,30,33,36,38],{"label":22,"value":23},"姓","冉",{"label":25,"value":26},"名","耕",{"label":28,"value":29},"字","伯牛",{"label":31,"value":32},"生卒","不详",{"label":34,"value":35},"国籍","鲁国",{"label":37,"value":19},"身份",{"label":39,"value":40},"师承","孔子",[42,45,48,51,54,57],{"heading":43,"md":44},"生平","冉伯牛，姓冉，名耕，字伯牛，鲁国人。其生卒年与早年经历均无可靠记载。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》仅简要说“孔子以为有德行”，随后复述孔子问疾一事。若严格限定于早期文献，能够确知的只是他从学于孔子、被列入德行科，并曾患严重疾病。后世谱牒所补的世系、享年等细节，证据不足，不宜据以重构其一生。",{"heading":46,"md":47},"师承与孔门","《论语·先进》列孔门四科，德行一科为颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛、仲弓。冉伯牛位列其中，说明在孔门共同记忆里，他的突出之处不是辞令、行政或文献之学，而是日常品行。然而《论语》没有保存他向孔子提问、受命从政或与同门论辩的记录。所谓“德行”究竟体现在哪些具体行为上，今已不能详考；编辑其思想时，应承认材料的沉默，而不能把其他冉氏弟子的言行移到他名下。",{"heading":49,"md":50},"主要事迹","冉伯牛患病后，孔子前往探视，从窗户伸手握住他的手，悲叹“亡之，命矣夫”，又两次说这样的人竟患上这样的病。《论语》未说明病名，也未明言此次问疾后伯牛立即去世。《史记》称为“恶疾”，已比《论语》多一层判断；后人进而猜测是麻风等传染病，更缺乏确证。\n\n“自牖执其手”常被解释为病者依礼居室、探问者由南窗接触，也有人据此推测需要隔离。无论采用哪种礼俗解释，文本的重心都在孔子不避探视并亲自执手，以及面对善人受苦时强烈而无奈的哀痛。",{"heading":52,"md":53},"思想主张","冉伯牛没有可确定为本人言论的思想命题，故不能像颜回问仁、仲弓问政那样复原其主张。他的意义主要通过孔门的评价方式显现：一个人可因实际德行获得尊重，而不必依靠显赫事功或成套著述。问疾章同时触及德行与遭遇的关系。孔子没有把疾病解释成品行过失的报应，反而以“斯人也而有斯疾也”突出两者的不相称；“命矣夫”的感叹也不是一套天命论证明，而是人在无法挽回的境遇前对限度的承认。由此可见，先秦儒家对德行的肯定，并不等于许诺现实中的福报。",{"heading":55,"md":56},"文献中的形象","《论语》以极少文字塑造了冉伯牛：四科名单提供道德评价，问疾场景则让评价进入具体苦难。伯牛全篇没有发言，读者只能从孔子的动作与反复叹息感受师生关系。颜回早逝时孔子痛哭，伯牛患病时孔子执手，两章都显出圣贤教育并不排斥深切情感。不同的是，颜回尚有多篇问答，伯牛几乎只留下病中剪影。材料的不完整本身，正是理解此人的必要边界。",{"heading":58,"md":59},"后世流变","后世孔庙制度将冉伯牛列为孔门十哲和重要从祀先贤，历代亦有追封，明代通称“先贤冉子”。礼制地位使其姓名长期为人熟知，但思想史叙述往往仍围绕问疾一章。各种病名考证与生平补述属于后来的解释，回到先秦层面，最稳妥的定位仍是：一位深受孔子珍重、以德行见称而事迹残缺的弟子。",[61,68],{"text":62,"source":63,"note":64,"classic":65},"德行：颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛、仲弓。","《论语·先进》","孔门四科的名单把冉伯牛列入德行科。",{"slug":66,"volume":67},"lunyu",11,{"text":69,"source":70,"note":71,"classic":72},"亡之，命矣夫！斯人也而有斯疾也！斯人也而有斯疾也！","《论语·雍也》","孔子探望患病的伯牛，哀叹如此有德之人竟遭受重病。",{"slug":66,"volume":73},6,[75,77,79,81,83],{"topic":5,"slug":76},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":78},"yanhui",{"topic":5,"slug":80},"zhonggong",{"topic":82,"slug":5},"ming",{"topic":82,"slug":84},"tianming",{"title":86,"description":87,"keywords":88},"冉伯牛——冉耕的德行与孔子问疾 | 儒家百科","冉伯牛是谁、得了什么病？本词条依据《论语》《史记》介绍冉耕的孔门德行科地位、孔子隔窗执手问疾的经过，并说明原典未载具体病名，后世关于“恶疾”的推测不可视为确论。",[6,8,89,90,17,91,92],"伯牛有疾","孔子问疾","德行科","孔子弟子"]