[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-ranqiu":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":10,"era":11,"oneLiner":13,"summary":14,"tags":15,"infobox":20,"sections":41,"quotes":60,"related":82,"seo":96},"ranqiu","ren","冉求",[8,9],"子有","冉有","ru",{"from":12},-522,"长于政事而屡受孔子规正的弟子","冉求字子有，又称冉有，是孔门政事科弟子，曾任季氏家臣并参与鲁齐之战。他精于行政、财政与军事，却因助季氏聚敛和筹伐颛臾受责，呈现才具与道义的张力。",[16,17,18,19],"孔门十哲","政事","季氏","为政",[21,24,27,29,32,35,38],{"label":22,"value":23},"姓","冉",{"label":25,"value":26},"名","求",{"label":28,"value":8},"字",{"label":30,"value":31},"生卒","约前522—不详",{"label":33,"value":34},"国籍","鲁国",{"label":36,"value":37},"身份","孔门弟子、季氏家臣",{"label":39,"value":40},"师承","孔子",[42,45,48,51,54,57],{"heading":43,"md":44},"生平","冉求，姓冉，名求，字子有，通常称冉有，鲁国人。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》称他少孔子二十九岁，据此生年约为前522年，卒年不详。他曾随孔子学习，也长期服务于鲁国季氏，担任家臣。其活动可与鲁国后期卿族政治相联系：《左传》记他在鲁哀公十一年抵御齐军，《论语》则保存了他理财、问政和参与季氏事务的多次记录。",{"heading":46,"md":47},"师承与孔门","《论语·先进》把冉有与季路列入“政事”科。季康子问冉求能否从政，孔子答“求也艺，于从政乎何有”，认为他多才，处理政务不成问题。孔子也针对弟子性情施教：子路勇于进取，故加以抑退；冉求容易退缩，故加以推进。这种评价没有把冉求定格为庸弱之人，而是表明其谨慎性情需要在学习与任事中得到激发。他本人说并非不喜爱老师之道，只是力量不足，孔子则指出真正力不足者会中道而废，冉求却是预先给自己划界。",{"heading":49,"md":50},"主要事迹","鲁哀公十一年齐军伐鲁，《左传·哀公十一年》记冉求率左师作战。他采纳樊迟稍待再越沟的建议，又亲自用矛冲入齐军，鲁军因而取胜。《史记》另载季康子问他的军事才能从何学来，他答“学之于孔子”。这显示孔门政事之学并不排斥军事任事。\n\n冉求作为季氏之臣，也屡陷于君子之道与家臣职责的冲突。季氏已经富于周公，他仍为之聚敛增益，孔子遂说“非吾徒也”，让弟子公开声讨。季氏准备攻打附庸颛臾时，冉有、季路来见孔子；冉求把主意推给季氏，孔子责其不能尽辅弼劝止之责，并从邦国安危、均平与远人不服等方面驳斥用兵。",{"heading":52,"md":53},"思想主张","“侍坐”章中，冉求设想治理方圆六七十里或五六十里的小国，三年可以使百姓富足；至于礼乐教化，则等待更有德识的君子。这番自陈既显示财政行政能力，也透露他把“足民”与礼乐分作先后，并对自身德行有所保留。孔子没有否认其治国志向，却在别处不断要求政治才能服从于义。\n\n冉求的思想价值恰在这种张力：他能筹财、领兵、治邑，属于可操作现实事务的人才；但聚敛与伐颛臾事件表明，仅有专业才具不足以构成儒家所认可的政事。臣下不能以“主君想做”为由卸责，也不能把强宗利益等同公共秩序。孔子的严厉批评要求他在受职任事时保留劝谏和拒止不义的主体责任。",{"heading":55,"md":56},"文献中的形象","《论语》没有把冉求写成单纯的能臣或反面人物。他在孔门能清楚陈述有限而务实的政治目标，又因“退”受到孔子鼓励；进入季氏体系后，他的能力产生实效，也更容易服务于聚敛和战争。孔子一面肯定其艺与政事之才，一面以“鸣鼓而攻之”作出全书罕见的严责，形成强烈反差。《左传》的战场记录则补出其果断勇毅的一面，纠正了把“退”简单理解为怯懦的印象。",{"heading":58,"md":59},"后世流变","冉求后来列入孔门十哲，在孔庙从祀体系中历受封赠，明代通称“先贤冉子”。后世既称许其理财、军事与行政才干，也反复以聚敛受责讨论仕于权门者的道义限度。把他称作纯粹的财政家或军事家都是现代分类；先秦文献中的冉求始终处在孔门政事教育与季氏家臣实践的交叉处，其成就和失误同样具有解释意义。",[61,68,72,78],{"text":62,"source":63,"note":64,"classic":65},"求也艺，于从政乎何有？","《论语·雍也》","孔子肯定冉求多才，认为他足以处理政务。",{"slug":66,"volume":67},"lunyu",6,{"text":69,"source":63,"note":70,"classic":71},"力不足者，中道而废，今女画。","孔子指出冉求并非真正力有不逮，而是预先为自己划定界限。",{"slug":66,"volume":67},{"text":73,"source":74,"note":75,"classic":76},"季氏富于周公，而求也为之聚敛而附益之。子曰：“非吾徒也。小子鸣鼓而攻之可也。”","《论语·先进》","冉求帮助富有的季氏继续聚敛，遭到孔子公开而严厉的批评。",{"slug":66,"volume":77},11,{"text":79,"source":74,"note":80,"classic":81},"方六七十，如五六十，求也为之，比及三年，可使足民。如其礼乐，以俟君子。","冉求自述治国志向，认为三年可使小国民用充足，礼乐则有待君子。",{"slug":66,"volume":77},[83,85,87,89,92,94],{"topic":5,"slug":84},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":86},"zilu",{"topic":5,"slug":88},"fanchi",{"topic":90,"slug":91},"ming","yi",{"topic":90,"slug":93},"li",{"topic":90,"slug":95},"weizhengyide",{"title":97,"description":98,"keywords":99},"冉求——冉有的政事才具与聚敛之责 | 儒家百科","冉求是谁，孔子为何要鸣鼓而攻之？本词条依据《论语》《左传》《史记》介绍冉有的政事科地位、季氏家臣经历、鲁齐之战、聚敛与伐颛臾争论，呈现其才具和道义责任。",[6,9,8,16,100,101,102,103],"政事科","鸣鼓而攻之","季氏将伐颛臾","冉有问政"]