[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-simaniu":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":9,"era":10,"oneLiner":14,"summary":15,"tags":16,"infobox":21,"sections":42,"quotes":61,"related":81,"seo":92},"simaniu","ren","司马牛",[8],"司马耕","ru",{"from":11,"to":12,"label":13},-551,-479,"生卒不详，系于孔门时代","由慎言与内省求仁的孔门弟子","司马牛即司马耕，字子牛，传统多视为宋人。他问仁、问君子时得到慎言与内省的教导，又因兄弟处境而显出忧惧中的修身课题。",[17,18,19,20],"孔门弟子","慎言","内省","君子",[22,25,28,31,34,37,39],{"label":23,"value":24},"姓","司马",{"label":26,"value":27},"名","耕",{"label":29,"value":30},"字","子牛",{"label":32,"value":33},"生卒","不详",{"label":35,"value":36},"国籍","宋国（一说）",{"label":38,"value":17},"身份",{"label":40,"value":41},"师承","孔子",[43,46,49,52,55,58],{"heading":44,"md":45},"生平","司马牛，依《史记·仲尼弟子列传》名耕，字子牛，生卒不详。传统注疏多说他是宋国人，并把他与宋国司马桓魋联系起来；另有名“犁”等异文。“司马”究竟是氏还是官名转成的称谓，早期材料不足以判定，故其世系不宜说得过实。",{"heading":47,"md":48},"师承与孔门","司马牛的孔门活动集中见于《论语·颜渊》，三章连续记录他问仁、问君子以及为兄弟而忧。《史记》据此概括他“多言而躁”，但《论语》正文并未直接下这一评语。若以孔子答其“仁者其言也讱”推知其性格，只能说教师可能针对他言语急切的一面施教，不应把后出传记评价当作无疑事实。",{"heading":50,"md":51},"主要事迹","司马牛问仁，孔子以言语迟慎作答。他追问只要慎言是否就算仁，孔子说明“为之难，言之得无讱乎”：事情真正做成很难，因此承诺和表达不能轻易。这场问答并未把仁缩减为少说话，而是要求言语对行动负责。\n\n他又问君子，孔子先答“不忧不惧”，继而以“内省不疚”说明根据。无忧无惧不是对外在风险毫无感觉，而是反省自身没有愧疚，因而获得道德上的安定。两问都从控制外显的言语、情绪，转回行动与内心是否经得起检验。",{"heading":53,"md":54},"兄弟之忧","《论语》记司马牛叹息“人皆有兄弟，我独亡”，子夏以“君子敬而无失，与人恭而有礼，四海之内皆兄弟也”宽慰他。古注多把此忧与其兄桓魋在宋作乱相连，解释为司马牛不愿认同作恶的兄弟，或忧患将累及自身；但《论语》本章没有明言桓魋，具体背景仍属传统解释。\n\n子夏的回答也不是取消亲属关系，而是说在不可控的遭遇中，仍可通过敬、恭、礼建立可靠的人际联系。它与孔子“内省不疚”的教导相通：面对家族和命运带来的忧惧，修身者先守住自己可负责的行为。",{"heading":56,"md":57},"文献中的形象","《论语》中的司马牛敏感而善于追问。他不满足于“慎言”“无忧惧”这样的表层表述，接连问是否凭此便足称仁与君子，从而引出孔子关于践行之难和内省无疚的解释。三章相邻，使人物的忧、惧、言语与修养互相映照。《史记》《孔子家语》则将这些线索编成“多言而躁、忧兄行恶”的性格小传，较为完整，却带有后世综合早期章句的痕迹。",{"heading":59,"md":60},"后世流变","司马牛后被列入孔庙从祀，历代孔门谱系以司马耕或子牛称之。后世常借他的问答讨论慎言、内省以及“四海之内皆兄弟”，但最后一句实际出自子夏的劝慰，不应误作司马牛本人的主张。其先秦形象的价值，在于展示个体如何把不可控的家族忧患转化为对言行与内心的自我检验。",[62,69,73,77],{"text":63,"source":64,"note":65,"classic":66},"仁者其言也讱。","《论语·颜渊》","仁者说话迟缓谨慎，因为道德承诺须由困难的实践来承担。",{"slug":67,"volume":68},"lunyu",12,{"text":70,"source":64,"note":71,"classic":72},"为之难，言之得无讱乎？","事情实行起来艰难，言语怎能不谨慎，说明慎言根源在重视践履。",{"slug":67,"volume":68},{"text":74,"source":64,"note":75,"classic":76},"内省不疚，夫何忧何惧？","反省自己而无愧疚，便有不忧不惧的内在根据。",{"slug":67,"volume":68},{"text":78,"source":64,"note":79,"classic":80},"君子敬而无失，与人恭而有礼，四海之内皆兄弟也。","子夏劝慰司马牛：以敬慎和礼貌待人，便能在亲族之外建立广泛联系。",{"slug":67,"volume":68},[82,84,86,88,90],{"topic":5,"slug":83},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":85},"zixia",{"topic":87,"slug":5},"ming",{"topic":87,"slug":89},"jing",{"topic":87,"slug":91},"li",{"title":93,"description":94,"keywords":95},"司马牛——问仁、慎言与内省不疚 | 儒家百科","司马牛是谁？本词条依据《论语》《史记》介绍司马耕、子牛的身份争议，梳理他问仁、问君子及兄弟之忧，解释“仁者其言也讱”“内省不疚”和“四海之内皆兄弟”。",[6,8,30,96,97,98,99],"司马牛问仁","仁者其言也讱","内省不疚","四海之内皆兄弟"]