[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-tantaimieming":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":9,"era":10,"oneLiner":12,"summary":13,"tags":14,"infobox":19,"sections":41,"quotes":60,"related":79,"seo":93},"tantaimieming","ren","澹台灭明",[8],"子羽","ru",{"from":11},-512,"行不由径、公私分明的孔门弟子","澹台灭明字子羽，是鲁国武城人、孔子弟子。子游称他行不由径、非公事不至官舍，《史记》又以“以貌取人，失之子羽”传其事。",[15,16,17,18],"孔门弟子","公正","武城","修行",[20,23,26,28,31,34,36,38],{"label":21,"value":22},"姓","澹台",{"label":24,"value":25},"名","灭明",{"label":27,"value":8},"字",{"label":29,"value":30},"生卒","约前512—不详",{"label":32,"value":33},"国籍","鲁国",{"label":35,"value":17},"籍贯",{"label":37,"value":15},"身份",{"label":39,"value":40},"师承","孔子",[42,45,48,51,54,57],{"heading":43,"md":44},"生平","澹台灭明，复姓澹台，名灭明，字子羽，鲁国武城人，春秋末年孔子弟子。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》称他少孔子三十九岁，据此生年约在前512年，卒年无考。《论语》没有正面写他与孔子的授受，只由子游的答话保存其姓名和品行；将他列为孔门弟子，主要依据《史记》以来的传承。后世关于渡河斩蛟、投璧等故事材料较晚，不宜写入先秦生平。",{"heading":46,"md":47},"师承与孔门","子游任武城宰时，孔子问他是否在那里得到人才。子游举荐澹台灭明，说他“行不由径，非公事，未尝至于偃之室也”。子游自称名“偃”，所谓“室”是其官舍或居处。由对话看，澹台灭明当时活动于武城，与任宰的子游有交往；两人通常被视为孔门同门，不能因子游举荐他便说澹台灭明师从子游。孔子问“得人”，也使这段材料具有地方治理中察举贤者的背景。",{"heading":49,"md":50},"主要事迹","“行不由径”字面指走路不取小径，放在人物品评中，又表现不走捷径、不从邪曲的端方。“非公事”不到邑宰之室，则说明他不借私人往来接近长官，把公共事务与私下请托分开。两句话都落在可观察的日常行为，而非抽象赞语，因而成为澹台灭明最可靠的事迹。\n\n《史记》进一步说他相貌丑陋，初见时孔子以为才薄；受业后他退而修行，南游至江，有弟子三百，声名传于诸侯。孔子听闻后叹“以貌取人，失之子羽”。这段故事规模远超《论语》，又与宰予组成“以言取人”“以貌取人”的对偶，可能经过汉代叙事整理；南游与弟子人数可作为早期传说介绍，不宜视为精确可核的行程和统计。",{"heading":52,"md":53},"思想主张","澹台灭明没有传世著作，也没有保存下来的长篇言论，不能为他虚构完整学说。从子游的评价看，他的德行至少涉及正直与公私之辨。正直不是激烈表态，而是宁走正路、不因便利改变原则；公私之辨也不是与官府隔绝，而是有公事则往，无公事不以私谒求亲近。这种行为把礼的分寸落实到士与地方长官的交往中。\n\n若以“行不由径”理解其修养，还应注意它首先是具体行为描写，后来才凝结为成语。将其解释为绝不权变，或直接附会某种系统政治理论，都超出文本。澹台灭明的意义恰在材料简洁：他以稳定的行为让子游认定为“得人”，说明孔门品评不仅看言辞，也观察人在无人强迫时如何处理道路、职事与私人关系。",{"heading":55,"md":56},"文献中的形象","《论语》通过子游之口写澹台灭明，重点是公且方，人物没有容貌描写。《史记》加入孔子先因貌轻视、后承认误判的转折，使他成为反对以貌取人的典型。两个层次并不完全冲突，却各有重心：前者是同门对日常品行的观察，后者是富于戏剧性的师生知人故事。所谓“孔子以貌取人”的名言只见于《史记》等后出材料，引用时应标明出处，不能冒充《论语》原话。",{"heading":58,"md":59},"后世流变","澹台灭明后来进入孔庙从祀，唐宋以来累有封号，明代称“先贤澹台子”。南方一些地方又以《史记》的“南游至江”为儒学传播源流，形成书院、祠墓和地方传说；具体地点常有竞争，难由早期文献判定。就先秦儒家人物史而言，他最鲜明的遗产仍是“行不由径，非公事不至”的端方形象，以及《史记》借他提出的不可凭容貌定人才德。",[61,68,75],{"text":62,"source":63,"note":64,"classic":65},"有澹台灭明者，行不由径，非公事，未尝至于偃之室也。","《论语·雍也》","子游称澹台灭明行走不取小径，没有公事从不到自己的官舍。",{"slug":66,"volume":67},"lunyu",6,{"text":69,"source":70,"note":71,"classic":72},"既已受业，退而修行，行不由径，非公事不见卿大夫。","《史记·仲尼弟子列传》","《史记》说他受业之后修养德行，不走捷径，也不以私事拜见卿大夫。",{"slug":73,"volume":74},"shiji",67,{"text":76,"source":70,"note":77,"classic":78},"吾以言取人，失之宰予；以貌取人，失之子羽。","《史记》借孔子之口反省只凭言辞或容貌判断人才的失误。",{"slug":73,"volume":74},[80,82,84,86,89,91],{"topic":5,"slug":81},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":83},"ziyou",{"topic":5,"slug":85},"zaiwo",{"topic":87,"slug":88},"ming","yi",{"topic":87,"slug":90},"li",{"topic":87,"slug":92},"zhengming",{"title":94,"description":95,"keywords":96},"澹台灭明——行不由径与“以貌取人” | 儒家百科","澹台灭明是谁？本词条依据《论语》《史记》介绍子羽的武城籍贯、行不由径、非公事不至官舍等品行，并辨析南游弟子三百与“以貌取人，失之子羽”等后出叙事。",[6,8,97,98,99,17,100],"行不由径","以貌取人失之子羽","澹台灭明是谁","孔子弟子"]