[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-yanhui":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":9,"era":10,"oneLiner":13,"summary":14,"tags":15,"infobox":20,"sections":41,"quotes":60,"related":82,"seo":93},"yanhui","ren","颜回",[8],"子渊","ru",{"from":11,"to":12},-521,-481,"孔门德行之首与好学典范","颜回字子渊，是孔子最称许的弟子，以安贫乐道、不迁怒、不贰过著称。他早逝而未及仕进，在《论语》中呈现沉静好学而深契仁道的形象。",[16,17,18,19],"孔门十哲","德行","好学","仁",[21,24,27,29,32,35,38],{"label":22,"value":23},"姓","颜",{"label":25,"value":26},"名","回",{"label":28,"value":8},"字",{"label":30,"value":31},"生卒","约前521—前481",{"label":33,"value":34},"国籍","鲁国",{"label":36,"value":37},"身份","孔门弟子",{"label":39,"value":40},"师承","孔子",[42,45,48,51,54,57],{"heading":43,"md":44},"生平","颜回，字子渊，鲁国人，是孔子弟子。其生年传统上多系于前521年，卒年常系于前481年；《史记·仲尼弟子列传》称他少孔子三十岁，其他说法又有出入，具体岁数宜存谨慎。颜回家境贫寒，未见担任显要官职的可靠材料。他早逝，能由《论语》确知的行迹主要是师生问答、同门评价和孔子哀悼。",{"heading":46,"md":47},"师承与孔门","《论语·先进》以德行科列颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛、仲弓，颜回居首。孔子称他好学，特别指出“不迁怒，不贰过”：不把对一人的怒气转向别人，同一过错不再重犯。颜回在课堂上似乎少有辩难，孔子一度说他“终日不违，如愚”，但观察其退而私下的言行，发现他足以发挥所闻，于是断定“回也不愚”（《论语·为政》）。这种沉静并非被动顺从，而是能把教诲落实于自身。子贡也自认只能“闻一以知二”，不及颜回“闻一以知十”，从侧面显示颜回在孔门中的领悟力。",{"heading":49,"md":50},"主要事迹","颜回最著名的生活片段，是居陋巷而不改其乐。别人不能忍受“一箪食，一瓢饮”的困苦，他却不让贫乏改变志趣。这并非赞美贫困，而是称许人在匮乏中守住求学与德行。陈蔡受困的相关细节主要见于《史记》等较晚叙事，宜与《论语》区别看待。\n\n颜回死时，孔子呼喊“天丧予”，吊丧又哭得悲恸；弟子欲厚葬，孔子认为不可。这些片段显出师生深情、丧礼分寸与现实贫困的张力。",{"heading":52,"md":53},"思想主张","颜回没有留下独立著作，其思想主要见于向孔子问仁。孔子答“克己复礼为仁”，并以“非礼勿视，非礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动”说明日常工夫；颜回随即表示虽不敏，请事斯语（《论语·颜渊》）。这一问答把仁落实为视、听、言、动的自我约束，也契合颜回少言而力行的形象。\n\n孔子又说“回也，其心三月不违仁，其余则日月至焉而已矣”（《论语·雍也》）。这里的“三月”不必拘泥为精确时长，重点在颜回能长久维持仁的方向，而其他弟子只能间或达到。他的“不改其乐”亦非与世隔绝；颜回所乐，仍是孔门学习、成德与践礼的生活。因材料有限，不宜把后世形成的心性理论全部归入颜回本人。",{"heading":55,"md":56},"文献中的形象","《论语》中的颜回几乎没有负面叙述，却并非抽象符号。他贫困、寡言而早亡，处境具体；与之相对，他在好学、改过和守仁方面最受肯定。孔子说其死后“未闻好学者也”，赞叹中带有失落。他没有子贡的言语才，也没有子路鲜明的行动，却以持续实践成为德行尺度。《庄子》另塑造了“坐忘”式颜回，属于不同学派的文学运用，不能径作历史事迹。",{"heading":58,"md":59},"后世流变","两汉以后，颜回逐渐在孔庙祭祀体系中取得突出位置，唐宋间封号累加，元代尊为“兖国复圣公”，明代改称“复圣颜子”，常居孔子配享之首。宋明儒者尤其重视其“不改其乐”与“克己复礼”，把他解释为体认心性工夫的典范。这些尊号与诠释属于后世制度和思想史；回到先秦材料，颜回首先是孔子身边一位贫而好学、能持守仁德却不幸早逝的弟子。",[61,68,72,76],{"text":62,"source":63,"note":64,"classic":65},"贤哉，回也！一箪食，一瓢饮，在陋巷，人不堪其忧，回也不改其乐。","《论语·雍也》","孔子赞叹颜回身处贫困，仍不改变求学成德的志趣。",{"slug":66,"volume":67},"lunyu",6,{"text":69,"source":63,"note":70,"classic":71},"有颜回者好学，不迁怒，不贰过。","颜回不把怒气转移给无关之人，也不重复同样的过错。",{"slug":66,"volume":67},{"text":73,"source":63,"note":74,"classic":75},"回也，其心三月不违仁，其余则日月至焉而已矣。","颜回能较长久地不背离仁，其他人只能偶尔做到。",{"slug":66,"volume":67},{"text":77,"source":78,"note":79,"classic":80},"非礼勿视，非礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动。","《论语·颜渊》","孔子答颜回问仁，要求在视听言动上都接受礼的节制。",{"slug":66,"volume":81},12,[83,85,87,89,91],{"topic":5,"slug":84},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":86},"zigong",{"topic":88,"slug":5},"ming",{"topic":88,"slug":90},"kejifuli",{"topic":88,"slug":92},"li",{"title":94,"description":95,"keywords":96},"颜回——孔门德行之首的好学与早逝 | 儒家百科","颜回是谁、为何早逝？本词条依据《论语》《史记》梳理颜回字子渊、安贫乐道、不迁怒不贰过、问仁与克己复礼等事迹，并说明其孔门地位与后世复圣称号的由来。",[6,8,97,16,98,99,100],"颜回怎么死的","不迁怒不贰过","一箪食一瓢饮","克己复礼"]