[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-yuanxian":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":9,"era":10,"oneLiner":12,"summary":13,"tags":14,"infobox":19,"sections":43,"quotes":62,"related":87,"seo":100},"yuanxian","ren","原宪",[8],"子思(原氏)","ru",{"from":11},-515,"孔门守贫问耻的清介弟子","原宪字子思，是孔子弟子，以问耻、辨仁和辞粟见于《论语》。后世又据《史记》所载与子贡相见的故事，塑造其安贫守道的清介形象。",[15,16,17,18],"孔门弟子","耻","仁","安贫",[20,23,26,29,32,35,38,40],{"label":21,"value":22},"姓","原",{"label":24,"value":25},"名","宪",{"label":27,"value":28},"字","子思",{"label":30,"value":31},"又称","原思",{"label":33,"value":34},"生卒","约前515—不详",{"label":36,"value":37},"国籍","鲁、宋等说",{"label":39,"value":15},"身份",{"label":41,"value":42},"师承","孔子",[44,47,50,53,56,59],{"heading":45,"md":46},"生平","原宪，字子思，《论语》又称“原思”，春秋末年孔子弟子。其籍贯有鲁、宋等不同说法。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》称他少孔子三十六岁，据此可约生于前515年，卒年不详。原宪的字与孔子之孙孔伋相同，后世因此常加“原氏”以区别。孔子去世后是否长期隐居、居于何地，主要依据《史记》及相近传说，不能由《论语》直接确证。",{"heading":48,"md":49},"师承与孔门","《论语·雍也》说“原思为之宰”，一般理解为原宪曾任孔子的家宰。孔子给他粟九百，他推辞；孔子叫他不要推辞，可以分给邻里乡党。这一问答一方面表现原宪不轻受禄，另一方面也显示孔子并不赞成把辞让推到绝对：所得若合宜，还可用于周济共同体。原宪在孔门中的问学则集中于《宪问》篇开头，所问“耻”与“仁”都直指为士者如何自处。",{"heading":51,"md":52},"主要事迹","原宪问什么是可耻，孔子答：“邦有道，谷；邦无道，谷，耻也。”句读和解释有分歧：一说不论国家有道无道都只知食禄可耻，一说有道时仕而食禄无妨，无道时仍食禄才可耻。结合先秦儒家重视出处进退的语境，后一说流传较广，但应保留异解。\n\n《史记》又说孔子死后原宪隐居草泽，子贡乘高车、穿华服去看他，见其贫困而流露同情。原宪区分“贫”与“病”：没有财物只是贫，学道而不能实行才是病，自称贫而不病。故事突出两位同门生活道路的反差，叙事细节富有寓意，宜视为汉代以前形成的德行故事，不必把车马、衣冠等每一细节都当作可核实的履历。",{"heading":54,"md":55},"思想主张","原宪的言论以自我约束与政治处境相联。他问“克、伐、怨、欲不行焉，可以为仁矣”，其中“克”指好胜，“伐”指自矜其功，“怨”是怨恨，“欲”是贪欲。能使四者不见于行动已经很难，孔子仍说是否达到仁，自己不知道。回答没有贬低克制，而是拒绝把仁等同于几种欲念的消极不发；仁还涉及更积极、广泛的待人实践。\n\n问耻章则把领取俸禄放到政治秩序中衡量。食禄本身不是羞耻，关键是任职是否合于道、能否履行责任。辞粟章又提醒，廉介不等于一概拒绝资源。把三章合看，原宪关切的是德行能否经得起名利和处境的检验；《史记》的贫病之辨进一步把价值落在“学道而能行”，并非把贫困本身神圣化。",{"heading":57,"md":58},"文献中的形象","《论语》中的原宪并非只会安贫的隐士。他担任过家宰，认真追问俸禄、出处、欲望与仁的界线，孔子对他既有肯定也有纠正。《史记》则集中刻画其贫居守道，并以富有而多能的子贡作对照，使“贫而非病”成为人物标志。这种形象符合先秦两汉间对清士的想象，但若只讲拒仕守贫，便会遮蔽《论语》中他曾任事、问政德的一面。",{"heading":60,"md":61},"后世流变","原宪后来进入孔庙从祀，唐宋间获封，明代改称“先贤原子”。后世文章常把他与颜回并举为安贫乐道的典型，也以他和子贡的相见讨论贫富与人格。此类评价多沿用《史记》塑造的清介形象；在先秦思想范围内，更值得注意的是他以耻感衡量仕禄、以克制追问仁，并接受孔子对道德尺度的进一步提升。",[63,70,74,80],{"text":64,"source":65,"note":66,"classic":67},"邦有道，谷；邦无道，谷，耻也。","《论语·宪问》","为士者食禄须经受政治正当性的衡量；本章句读与解释历来有异。",{"slug":68,"volume":69},"lunyu",14,{"text":71,"source":65,"note":72,"classic":73},"克、伐、怨、欲不行焉，可以为仁矣？","原宪询问克制好胜、自矜、怨恨和贪欲，是否已经足以称仁。",{"slug":68,"volume":69},{"text":75,"source":76,"note":77,"classic":78},"原思为之宰，与之粟九百，辞。子曰：“毋！以与尔邻里乡党乎！”","《论语·雍也》","原宪辞受俸粟，孔子劝他收下并可用来周济邻里乡党。",{"slug":68,"volume":79},6,{"text":81,"source":82,"note":83,"classic":84},"无财者谓之贫，学道而不能行者谓之病。若宪，贫也，非病也。","《史记·仲尼弟子列传》","原宪把物质匮乏与不能践行所学区分开来，自称只是贫而非病。",{"slug":85,"volume":86},"shiji",67,[88,90,92,94,97,98],{"topic":5,"slug":89},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":91},"zigong",{"topic":5,"slug":93},"yanhui",{"topic":95,"slug":96},"ming","chi",{"topic":95,"slug":5},{"topic":95,"slug":99},"yi",{"title":101,"description":102,"keywords":103},"原宪——问耻、辞粟与贫而非病 | 儒家百科","原宪是谁？本词条依据《论语》《史记》介绍原宪字子思、担任孔子家宰、问耻与问仁、辞粟等事，并辨析他和子贡相见时“贫也，非病也”的故事及安贫守道形象。",[6,104,31,105,106,107,108],"子思原氏","宪问耻","贫也非病也","原宪子贡","孔子弟子"]