[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-zengzi":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":10,"era":11,"oneLiner":14,"summary":15,"tags":16,"infobox":21,"sections":44,"quotes":63,"related":87,"seo":103},"zengzi","ren","曾子",[8,9],"曾参","子舆","ru",{"from":12,"to":13},-505,-435,"以自省孝亲与弘毅著称的孔门高弟","曾子即曾参，是孔子晚年弟子，以每日自省、慎终追远、弘毅任仁和阐明忠恕著称。后世尊其为“宗圣”，但《大学》《孝经》的作者归属并无确证。",[17,18,19,20],"孔门弟子","自省","孝","忠恕",[22,25,28,30,33,36,39,41],{"label":23,"value":24},"姓","曾",{"label":26,"value":27},"名","参",{"label":29,"value":9},"字",{"label":31,"value":32},"生卒","约前505—前435（传统说）",{"label":34,"value":35},"国籍","鲁国",{"label":37,"value":38},"籍贯","南武城",{"label":40,"value":17},"身份",{"label":42,"value":43},"师承","孔子",[45,48,51,54,57,60],{"heading":46,"md":47},"生平","曾子，姓曾名参，字子舆，鲁国南武城人。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》称他少孔子四十六岁，据此约生于前505年；传统卒年多系于前435年，但缺少同时代纪年可作确证。曾参是孔子晚年弟子，《论语》记其问学及患病、临终之言，却很少保存具体仕履。他后来授徒传学的范围，主要由《礼记》诸篇和后世谱系补足，可靠程度不宜一概而论。",{"heading":49,"md":50},"师承与孔门","孔子曾以“参也鲁”评曾参，“鲁”通常解作迟钝质朴，并不等于否定其成就。《论语·里仁》写孔子以“一以贯之”告曾子，曾子应“唯”，待孔子出门后向同门解释：“夫子之道，忠恕而已矣。”这段记录使他成为孔门一贯之道的重要阐释者。后世常说曾子传道于子思，但早期材料不足以证明两人直接授受；把孔子、曾子、子思、孟子连成严整单线，是后来道统叙述的结果。",{"heading":52,"md":53},"主要事迹","曾子最著名的日常工夫是“三省吾身”，分别检查为人谋是否尽心、与朋友交往是否诚信、师传是否温习。这里“三”既可理解为所列三事，也不必拘成每日三次。曾参有疾时召弟子察看手足，说自己终身战战兢兢，如临深渊、如履薄冰，到此才知道免于毁伤（《论语·泰伯》）。\n\n《礼记·檀弓》又保存他临终要求更换不合身份之席的故事，突出至死守礼。这类礼学叙事可能经过曾子后学整理，可与《论语》的临终片段相互参看，不必据此还原每一细节。",{"heading":55,"md":56},"思想主张","曾子的修养论从反省自身展开，却不止于个人内省。“吾日三省吾身”把忠、信、习落实为每日可检查之事；“士不可以不弘毅”则把视野推向终身担当，以仁为己任，直到死亡才停止。弘是器量广大，毅是持守坚忍，二者共同回应“任重而道远”。\n\n在亲亲与礼俗方面，他说“慎终追远，民德归厚矣”，重视认真办理丧事、追念远祖对社会风俗的感化。他以忠恕解释孔子之道，也把尽己与推己联系起来。曾子言论由自省、孝亲通向任仁，并非后世所谓专主内心的心性学；其工夫始终落在朋友、师承、丧祭和公共责任等具体关系中。",{"heading":58,"md":59},"文献中的形象","《论语》后半部保存较多“曾子曰”，显示曾参或其门人在编纂传承中地位突出。他既有质朴少言的一面，也能作纲领性概括；临终劝孟敬子重视容貌、颜色、辞气，又显出礼对日常举止的约束。《礼记》中以曾子为问答主体的材料更多，《曾子问》尤集中讨论礼制，但篇章形成和传承层次复杂。传统以《大学》为曾子所述、以《孝经》为曾子受业之书，均属影响深远的旧说，现有先秦材料不能落实为亲笔著作。",{"heading":61,"md":62},"后世流变","两汉以后，曾子与孝道、礼学及《孝经》传承日益紧密；宋代道统论又突出其承孔启思的地位。明代升为孔庙配享，后世尊称“宗圣曾子”，与颜回、子思、孟子并列。作者归属和传道谱系的强化扩大了他的思想史地位，却也容易遮蔽《论语》中更朴实的面貌：曾子首先是以忠信自省、以仁为终身责任，并在丧祭和日用人伦中求其笃实的孔门弟子。",[64,71,75,81],{"text":65,"source":66,"note":67,"classic":68},"吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？","《论语·学而》","每天从尽心、诚信和温习师传三方面检查自己。",{"slug":69,"volume":70},"lunyu",1,{"text":72,"source":66,"note":73,"classic":74},"慎终追远，民德归厚矣。","慎重办理丧事并追念远祖，可以使民风趋于淳厚。",{"slug":69,"volume":70},{"text":76,"source":77,"note":78,"classic":79},"士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。仁以为己任，不亦重乎？死而后已，不亦远乎？","《论语·泰伯》","士应有广大坚毅的担当，以实践仁为终身责任。",{"slug":69,"volume":80},8,{"text":82,"source":83,"note":84,"classic":85},"夫子之道，忠恕而已矣。","《论语·里仁》","曾子以尽己与推己概括孔子一以贯之之道。",{"slug":69,"volume":86},4,[88,90,92,95,97,99,101],{"topic":5,"slug":89},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":91},"zisi",{"topic":93,"slug":94},"ming","xiao",{"topic":93,"slug":96},"zhong",{"topic":93,"slug":98},"shu",{"topic":93,"slug":100},"sannianzhisang",{"topic":93,"slug":102},"neisheng-waiwang",{"title":104,"description":105,"keywords":106},"曾子——曾参的三省、孝道与弘毅任仁 | 儒家百科","曾子是谁，《大学》和《孝经》是他写的吗？本词条依据《论语》《礼记》《史记》介绍曾参的生平、三省吾身、慎终追远、忠恕与弘毅，并说明传统著作归属的争议。",[6,8,9,107,108,109,20,110],"吾日三省吾身","慎终追远","士不可以不弘毅","宗圣"]