[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-zhonggong":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":9,"era":10,"oneLiner":14,"summary":15,"tags":16,"infobox":21,"sections":42,"quotes":61,"related":85,"seo":98},"zhonggong","ren","仲弓",[8],"冉雍","ru",{"from":11,"to":12,"label":13},-551,-479,"生卒不详，系于孔门时代","兼具德行与为政才具的孔门高足","仲弓即冉雍，是孔门德行科弟子，曾任季氏家宰。孔子称其“可使南面”，他从居敬行简、举贤使能与恕道论仁政，表现出沉厚而不尚口辩的政治品格。",[17,18,19,20],"孔门十哲","德行","为政","仁",[22,25,28,30,33,36,39],{"label":23,"value":24},"姓","冉",{"label":26,"value":27},"名","雍",{"label":29,"value":6},"字",{"label":31,"value":32},"生卒","不详",{"label":34,"value":35},"国籍","鲁国",{"label":37,"value":38},"身份","孔门弟子、季氏宰",{"label":40,"value":41},"师承","孔子",[43,46,49,52,55,58],{"heading":44,"md":45},"生平","仲弓，姓冉，名雍，字仲弓，鲁国人，生卒年不详。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》沿用《论语》材料，称其出身低微而有德行。《论语》记他曾任季氏宰，向孔子请教政务，说明他不仅参与孔门问学，也实际进入鲁国卿族的行政体系。除这些师生问答外，早期文献没有足以连成年谱的游历和仕宦记载。",{"heading":47,"md":48},"师承与孔门","《论语·先进》把仲弓与颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛同列德行科。有人评论他“仁而不佞”，孔子没有径直确认其已达仁，却明确反问何必善辩，认为用口才应付别人容易招人厌恶。这表明仲弓的孔门形象重在德行与实政，不以敏捷辞令见长。孔子又说“雍也可使南面”：南面是居君长之位的方位，此语对其治理才具有很高评价，但不能据此断言他实际做过诸侯。",{"heading":50,"md":51},"主要事迹","仲弓问子桑伯子，孔子称其为人简约。仲弓随即区分“居敬而行简”与“居简而行简”：内心持敬而施政简要是可取的，自己松弛又一味从简便会过于简慢。孔子认可他的判断。后来仲弓任季氏宰问政，孔子答以使属吏各司其职、赦免小过、选举贤才；仲弓追问如何识别未知之贤，孔子要他先举自己所知者，相信众人不会遗弃其余人才。\n\n《论语》又以“犁牛之子骍且角”说明出身不妨碍合于祭祀的资质。原章没有直呼仲弓之名，《史记》则把它系于仲弓父贱的背景。这一传统解释很有影响，但仍应保留文本层次的差别。",{"heading":53,"md":54},"思想主张","仲弓问仁，孔子答：“出门如见大宾，使民如承大祭”，要求面对他人与役使民众时保持如接贵宾、承大祭般的敬慎；继而说“己所不欲，勿施于人”，把恕的原则落实到邦国与家族之中。仲弓表示虽不敏，请依此实行。与“居敬而行简”相参，敬是内在态度，简是行政方法，二者不可偏废。\n\n他的问政又显示治理不能只靠君长一人：先明确有司职责，再宽宥细小过失，并不断举用贤才。这里的“简”不是少做事，更不是放任，而是在持敬、任人和制度分工的基础上避免烦苛。仲弓留下的思想轮廓，因而集中在恕、敬与用贤相联的实践政治。",{"heading":56,"md":57},"文献中的形象","《论语》中的仲弓善于把简短答语推进为有层次的判断。他不以“佞”取胜，却能辨明敬与简、已知与未知、个人修养与临民行政。孔子一面高度肯定其“可使南面”，一面在答问中继续校正，这使他既非抽象贤者，也是一位正在学习的从政者。《荀子》数次称道“子弓”，后世有人将其认作冉雍，也有人主张另有所指；证据不足，不能把《荀子》子弓的全部学说直接归给仲弓。",{"heading":59,"md":60},"后世流变","仲弓后来列入孔门十哲，在孔庙从祀与历代封赠中地位稳定，明代通称“先贤冉子”。后世论者常据“可使南面”推重其王者之才，也以“居敬行简”概括施政风格。宋明以后“敬”的工夫论获得新的理论展开，但这些诠释不宜倒置为仲弓本人完整的心性体系；先秦材料呈现的仍是敬慎临民、简政举贤的孔门弟子。",[62,69,73,79],{"text":63,"source":64,"note":65,"classic":66},"雍也可使南面。","《论语·雍也》","孔子认为仲弓具有居于君长之位、主持治理的才具。",{"slug":67,"volume":68},"lunyu",6,{"text":70,"source":64,"note":71,"classic":72},"居敬而行简，以临其民，不亦可乎？居简而行简，无乃大简乎？","仲弓主张以内在敬慎为本而施行简政，反对自身简慢又一味省事。",{"slug":67,"volume":68},{"text":74,"source":75,"note":76,"classic":77},"出门如见大宾，使民如承大祭。己所不欲，勿施于人。","《论语·颜渊》","孔子答仲弓问仁，把敬慎与推己及人的恕道落实于临民。",{"slug":67,"volume":78},12,{"text":80,"source":81,"note":82,"classic":83},"先有司，赦小过，举贤才。","《论语·子路》","孔子答仲弓问政，强调职责分工、宽宥小过与选贤任能。",{"slug":67,"volume":84},13,[86,88,90,92,94,96],{"topic":5,"slug":87},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":89},"ranboniu",{"topic":91,"slug":5},"ming",{"topic":91,"slug":93},"shu",{"topic":91,"slug":95},"jing",{"topic":91,"slug":97},"weizhengyide",{"title":99,"description":100,"keywords":101},"仲弓——冉雍的居敬行简与为政之才 | 儒家百科","仲弓是谁？本词条依据《论语》《史记》介绍冉雍的孔门德行科地位、“可使南面”的评价、居敬行简、问仁与季氏宰问政，并辨析《荀子》“子弓”是否就是仲弓的争议。",[6,8,102,103,17,104,105],"雍也可使南面","居敬行简","德行科","仲弓问仁"]