[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-zigong":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":9,"era":10,"oneLiner":12,"summary":13,"tags":14,"infobox":19,"sections":40,"quotes":59,"related":83,"seo":97},"zigong","ren","子贡",[8],"端木赐","ru",{"from":11},-520,"孔门言语科的善问多能之士","子贡即端木赐，卫国人，是孔门言语科代表。他善问善辩，曾参与政事与货殖，又在维护孔子声望、阐发诗教和忠恕方面留下鲜明言论。",[15,16,17,18],"孔门十哲","言语","政事","货殖",[20,23,26,28,31,34,37],{"label":21,"value":22},"姓","端木",{"label":24,"value":25},"名","赐",{"label":27,"value":6},"字",{"label":29,"value":30},"生卒","约前520—不详",{"label":32,"value":33},"国籍","卫国",{"label":35,"value":36},"身份","孔门弟子",{"label":38,"value":39},"师承","孔子",[41,44,47,50,53,56],{"heading":42,"md":43},"生平","子贡，复姓端木，名赐，卫国人。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》称他少孔子三十一岁，据此生年约在前520年，卒年无可靠定说。他是孔子周游时期的重要弟子，也曾参与鲁、卫政治。《史记》叙写他游说诸侯、存鲁乱齐，情节完整而戏剧性强，具体过程仍须审慎看待。",{"heading":45,"md":46},"师承与孔门","《论语·先进》将子贡与宰我并列“言语”科。他思路敏捷，善由问答推进义理。孔子称他为宗庙贵重礼器“瑚琏”，也常纠正其自负。子贡自认颜回能闻一知十，自己只能闻一知二，孔子认可这一判断。他又能从《诗》句领会贫富境遇中的德行进阶，获许共同谈诗，是孔门问学相发的典型。",{"heading":48,"md":49},"主要事迹","《论语·先进》说“赐不受命，而货殖焉，亿则屡中”，即他从事货殖，判断行情常能应验。《史记·货殖列传》进一步把他写成富商；经商有文献根据，经营规模则多出自较晚叙事。\n\n他向孔子追问为政条件。孔子答足食、足兵、民信，若不得已则依次去兵、去食，而“民无信不立”（《论语·颜渊》），显示子贡善用递进提问。孔子死后，叔孙武叔贬孔子，子贡以宫墙和日月为喻反驳。庐墓六年之说主要见《史记》，属于其尊师形象的后续记载。",{"heading":51,"md":52},"思想主张","子贡的思想特色首先在善于把德行置于具体差等中考察。他问“贫而无谄，富而无骄”如何，孔子肯定之后又提出“贫而乐，富而好礼”的更高层次。子贡随即引用《诗》“如切如磋，如琢如磨”，领会修养须不断进益（《论语·学而》）。这表明财富本身并非道德定论，关键在不谄、不骄，并进一步达到乐道好礼。\n\n子贡也接近忠恕原则。他说不希望别人加给自己的事，自己也不愿加给别人，孔子却答“赐也，非尔所及也”（《论语·公冶长》）。这不是否定方向，而是提醒互不相加的要求极高，不能因能言便自许已经做到。关于孔子学说的范围，子贡有一句重要观察：“夫子之文章，可得而闻也；夫子之言性与天道，不可得而闻也。”这里的“文章”指礼乐文献与可见教言，说明孔门日常教学更集中于人伦实践，性与天道并非随处系统讲授。",{"heading":54,"md":55},"文献中的形象","《论语》里的子贡言辞活跃，常以提问引出孔子判断。孔子许他能举一反三，又以“女器也”肯定其才而暗示局限。他与颜回形成对照：颜回沉静安贫，子贡敏锐多能，二人各从所长趋向成德。\n\n《史记》中的子贡更像纵横家与富商，凭辞令转动列国局势。这可能吸收了战国游说故事的模式，与《论语》中较克制的言语科高足不尽相同。两类材料都保存了他的机敏与尊师，事功规模却有明显层次。",{"heading":57,"md":58},"后世流变","子贡后来列入孔门十哲，并在孔庙从祀体系中居重要位置，历代受封，明代改称“先贤端木子”。后世既尊他为善言能政的孔门高弟，也常以其货殖成功推为“儒商”先声；后一称谓带有较强的后世分类意味，不宜反过来概括春秋时代的全部活动。就先秦文献而言，子贡最突出的仍是善问、善喻、能任事，并在现实才具与道德自省之间不断接受孔子磨砺。",[60,67,73,77],{"text":61,"source":62,"note":63,"classic":64},"赐也，始可与言《诗》已矣，告诸往而知来者。","《论语·学而》","孔子赞子贡能由已经讲明的道理推知尚未明说的意义。",{"slug":65,"volume":66},"lunyu",1,{"text":68,"source":69,"note":70,"classic":71},"回也闻一以知十，赐也闻一以知二。","《论语·公冶长》","子贡坦承自己的领悟力不及颜回，表现出清醒的自知。",{"slug":65,"volume":72},5,{"text":74,"source":69,"note":75,"classic":76},"夫子之文章，可得而闻也；夫子之言性与天道，不可得而闻也。","孔子的礼乐教言可以听闻，关于性与天道的言论却很少听到。",{"slug":65,"volume":72},{"text":78,"source":79,"note":80,"classic":81},"赐不受命，而货殖焉，亿则屡中。","《论语·先进》","子贡从事货殖，对行情的判断常能应验，显示其经营才干。",{"slug":65,"volume":82},11,[84,86,88,90,93,95],{"topic":5,"slug":85},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":87},"yanhui",{"topic":5,"slug":89},"zilu",{"topic":91,"slug":92},"ming","xin",{"topic":91,"slug":94},"shu",{"topic":5,"slug":96},"yuanxian",{"title":98,"description":99,"keywords":100},"子贡——端木赐的言语、政事与货殖 | 儒家百科","子贡是谁？本词条依据《论语》《史记》介绍端木赐的生平、孔门言语科地位、经商货殖与政治问答，并辨析他和颜回的比较、师生互动及后世“儒商”形象。",[6,8,101,15,102,103,104],"子贡经商","言语科","孔子弟子","儒商"]