[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"guanxue-ren-zizhang":3},{"slug":4,"topic":5,"name":6,"aliases":7,"school":9,"era":10,"oneLiner":12,"summary":13,"tags":14,"infobox":19,"sections":39,"quotes":58,"related":82,"seo":96},"zizhang","ren","子张",[8],"颛孙师","ru",{"from":11},-503,"志于从政并崇尚高行的孔门弟子","子张即颛孙师，是陈国出身的孔门弟子，屡问禄、问政、问行，重视忠信笃敬与见利思义。他志意高广而时有过当，后学被列为儒家八派之一。",[15,16,17,18],"孔门弟子","忠信","从政","子张氏之儒",[20,23,26,28,31,34,36],{"label":21,"value":22},"姓","颛孙",{"label":24,"value":25},"名","师",{"label":27,"value":6},"字",{"label":29,"value":30},"生卒","约前503—不详",{"label":32,"value":33},"国籍","陈国",{"label":35,"value":15},"身份",{"label":37,"value":38},"师承","孔子",[40,43,46,49,52,55],{"heading":41,"md":42},"生平","子张，复姓颛孙，名师，字子张，陈国人。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》称他少孔子四十八岁，据此约生于前503年，卒年无确考。他是孔门较年轻的弟子，曾随孔子在陈、蔡间活动。《论语》所存材料几乎都围绕问学与同门评论，未见可确证的任官经历。后世给出的具体卒年、葬地与仕履多出较晚地方文献，不宜据为先秦生平定论。",{"heading":44,"md":45},"师承与孔门","子张频繁向孔子问如何求禄、如何行于世、如何为政，显示强烈的公共生活志向。问禄时，孔子不教取宠之术，而要求“多闻阙疑”“多见阙殆”，对疑惑和危险有所保留，慎言慎行以减少过失与悔恨。困于陈蔡时，孔子又告以“言忠信，行笃敬”，子张把话写在衣带上，表现出将教言随身警策的认真。孔子对这位弟子并非只加赞许，也时时矫正其好高与过当。",{"heading":47,"md":48},"主要事迹","《论语·先进》记子贡问子张与子夏谁更贤，孔子答“师也过，商也不及”，并由此说“过犹不及”。这不是简单排定高下，而是指出偏离合宜尺度的两个方向都需修正。子张问“达”，把闻名理解为达；孔子则区分“达”与“闻”，要求质直好义、察言观色而能谦让，不以外在名声代替德行（《论语·颜渊》）。\n\n孔子死后，子张仍与曾子、子夏、子游等相互论学。《论语·子张》保留他论交友、执德、从政与丧祭的言论，说明其教说已在孔门后学中自成面貌。",{"heading":50,"md":51},"思想主张","子张重视士在关键情境中的操守：“见危致命，见得思义，祭思敬，丧思哀。”生命、利益、祭祀和丧礼各有应守的原则，德行因此不是抽象声名，而是在危险和欲得之际作出选择。他又说“执德不弘，信道不笃”，不足以成为有分量的人，表明持德既需广大的器量，也需笃实的信念。\n\n他的政治观同样强调持续与忠实。孔子答其问政曰“居之无倦，行之以忠”，要求在其位不懈怠，施政出于尽心。子张还主张“尊贤而容众，嘉善而矜不能”，既推尊贤者，也容纳众人、怜惜能力不足者。这些言论共同显示其高举士节、勇于担当而又追求宽广的一面。",{"heading":53,"md":54},"文献中的形象","子张在《论语》中志向外显、仪表堂堂，容易给人高亢有余的印象。孔子以“师也辟”评他，字义解释有偏激、偏僻等不同理解；曾子又说“堂堂乎张也，难与并为仁矣”，子游则称他能做难事，“然而未仁”。这些评论未必否定其人格，而是共同指出外在高行与切近为仁之间仍有距离。\n\n战国《荀子·非十二子》批评“子张氏之贱儒”，《韩非子·显学》则把“子张之儒”列入孔子后儒分为八派之一。两书证明其后学曾有影响，但都带鲜明论争立场，无法据以复原一个组织严密、主张完整的子张学派。",{"heading":56,"md":57},"后世流变","两汉以后，儒家学统多以孔门共同传承为主，子张氏之儒的独立轮廓逐渐淡化；子张本人则稳定列入孔庙从祀，明代祭孔名号体系中称“先贤颛孙子”。后世常以“过犹不及”概括他与子夏的差异，也以见危致命、见得思义表彰士节。回到先秦材料，他的价值正在高远志节与“过”的风险并存：求达不能止于求闻，崇尚难行之事仍须落实为忠信、笃敬与仁。",[59,66,72,78],{"text":60,"source":61,"note":62,"classic":63},"多闻阙疑，慎言其余，则寡尤；多见阙殆，慎行其余，则寡悔。","《论语·为政》","广泛听闻和观察，同时保留疑惑、避开危险，谨慎言行。",{"slug":64,"volume":65},"lunyu",2,{"text":67,"source":68,"note":69,"classic":70},"言忠信，行笃敬，虽蛮貊之邦行矣；言不忠信，行不笃敬，虽州里行乎哉？","《论语·卫灵公》","忠信笃敬使人无往不行，缺少这些则在乡里也难立足。",{"slug":64,"volume":71},15,{"text":73,"source":74,"note":75,"classic":76},"士见危致命，见得思义，祭思敬，丧思哀，其可已矣。","《论语·子张》","士在危难、利益、祭祀和丧礼中都应守住相应原则。",{"slug":64,"volume":77},19,{"text":79,"source":74,"note":80,"classic":81},"执德不弘，信道不笃，焉能为有？焉能为亡？","持德器量不广、信道不坚定，其存在与否便无足轻重。",{"slug":64,"volume":77},[83,85,87,89,91,94],{"topic":5,"slug":84},"kongzi",{"topic":5,"slug":86},"zixia",{"topic":5,"slug":88},"ziyou",{"topic":5,"slug":90},"zengzi",{"topic":92,"slug":93},"ming","yi",{"topic":92,"slug":95},"xin",{"title":97,"description":98,"keywords":99},"子张——颛孙师的忠信、士节与子张之儒 | 儒家百科","子张是谁？本词条依据《论语》《史记》《荀子》《韩非子》介绍颛孙师问禄问政、忠信笃敬、见危致命等主张，并辨析“过犹不及”评价和子张氏之儒的史料限度。",[6,8,100,101,102,103,104,105],"子张之儒","见危致命","见得思义","忠信笃敬","过犹不及","孔子弟子"]