A Deep Study of Xunzi's 'Jie Pi' Chapter: On the Cognitive Foundations of the Mind—Emptiness, Unity, and Tranquility
This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the core proposition in Xunzi's 'Jie Pi' concerning the nature of cognition: 'How does man know$41 By the mind. How does the mind know$42 By being empty, unified, and tranquil.' It systematically interprets the dialectical relationship and philosophical implications of 'emptiness' (xu), 'unity' (yi), and 'tranquility' (jing) in cognition, tracing their ancient intellectual origins to reveal the systematicity and sophistication of Pre-Qin cognitive theory.
Section 4: The Relationship Between Mind and Principle (Li)
A crucial concept in Master Xunzi’s cognitive theory is "Principle" (Li 理):
"Therefore, guiding it with principles, nurturing it with purity.""The Sage indulges his desires and embraces his emotions, yet that which governs them is Principle."
"Principle" (Li) plays a dual role here:
First, Principle is the guiding force for the Mind. "Guiding it with principles" suggests that the Mind is not self-sufficient—it needs the guidance of Li to walk the right path. Without the guidance of Li, the Mind may be dominated by desires and emotions, leading it astray.
Second, Principle is the force that governs desire and emotion. "That which governs them is Principle"—using Li to control desires and emotions. The Sage is not without desires and emotions, but he can use Li to control them, preventing them from spiraling out of control.
What is "Principle"$4 In Master Xunzi’s thought, Li includes at least the following aspects:
One, the inherent laws of things—the Principle of Things (Wu Zhi Li 物之理). Two, the ethical norms of society—the Principle of Ritual (Li Zhi Li 礼之理). Three, the fundamental principles of the Great Dao—the Principle of the Dao (Dao Zhi Li 道之理).
After reaching "Great Clarity and Brightness" through "Emptiness, Singularity, and Stillness," the Mind can clearly perceive "Principle"—including physical laws, ethics, and rationality. Conversely, the understanding of Li further consolidates and deepens the Mind's "Emptiness, Singularity, and Stillness"—because of the understanding of Li, the Mind is less easily disturbed by prejudice, distracting thoughts, and emotions.