A Critical Analysis of 'Shen' and 'Zhi' in the Core Passages of the Guanzi's 'Nei Ye' and an Inquiry into Pre-Qin Theories of Mind and Nature
This paper offers an in-depth interpretation of the central passage in the *Guanzi*'s 'Nei Ye'—'That which can transform one thing is called *Shen* (Spirit/Divine); that which can change one affair is called *Zhi* (Wisdom)'—systematically reviewing the philosophical concepts of *Shen*, *Zhi*, *Jing* (Essence), *Qi* (Vital Force), and the *Dao* in the Pre-Qin period to elucidate their pivotal role in self-cultivation and the integration of inner sageliness with outer kingship.
Section 5: Why is it called "Central Attainment" (Zhōng Dé)$4
"Central Attainment" (Zhōng Dé) is the conclusion of this section and the core achievement of the entire cultivation process.
The "Center" (Zhōng) in Zhōng Dé means both the innermost core of the mind (spatial Center) and the state of central righteousness and impartiality (valuational Center), as well as the method of acting appropriately (methodological Center).
The "Attainment" (Dé) in Zhōng Dé means "Attaining the Dao"—realizing the Dao, achieving the Daoist state.
Combined, Zhōng Dé means "Having attained the Dao within the inner core of the mind."
Why emphasize the "Center"$5 Because the Dao is not external; it resides within the mind. Seeking the Dao externally will never succeed; guarding the Center internally reveals that the Dao is already there.
The Laozi, Chapter 47, already stated: "Without leaving the door, one knows the world." The Dao is not distant; it is in one's immediate self.
The Guanzi, Neiye chapter previously stated: "Therefore, this Qì... is bright as if ascending to Heaven, dark as if entering the abyss, fluid as if residing in the sea, and swift as if being within oneself." The essence and vital energy seem distant, in Heaven, the abyss, or the sea, but in reality, they are within one's own body and mind ("swift as if being within oneself"). Zhōng Dé is the discovery and secure retention of this Jīng Qì (Dao) that has always resided within one's own body and mind.
Zhōng Dé carries another layer of meaning: through the cultivation of "Not allowing things to disrupt the senses, nor allowing the senses to disrupt the Mind," a correct cognitive order is established, allowing the chain Things → Senses → Mind to operate smoothly without chaos. Thus, external information is correctly conveyed to the mind, and the mind can correctly judge and respond. The entire psycho-physical system achieves harmony and order—this is "Central Attainment."