A Critical Analysis of 'Shen' and 'Zhi' in the Core Passages of the Guanzi's 'Nei Ye' and an Inquiry into Pre-Qin Theories of Mind and Nature
This paper offers an in-depth interpretation of the central passage in the *Guanzi*'s 'Nei Ye'—'That which can transform one thing is called *Shen* (Spirit/Divine); that which can change one affair is called *Zhi* (Wisdom)'—systematically reviewing the philosophical concepts of *Shen*, *Zhi*, *Jing* (Essence), *Qi* (Vital Force), and the *Dao* in the Pre-Qin period to elucidate their pivotal role in self-cultivation and the integration of inner sageliness with outer kingship.
Section 1: Essence (Jīng)
Jīng appears repeatedly in this passage: "Essence will come on its own," "Ponder it with concentrated essence," "Essence will attain stability."
The preceding text of Guanzi, Neiye elaborates on Jīng: "All things' essence, this then becomes life. Below, it gives rise to the five grains; above, it becomes the measured stars." Essence is the finest part of the vital energy of all things.
Relationship between Jīng and Qì: Essence is the finest part of vital energy, its purest component. The Guanzi, Xinshu Xia states: "One Qi that can transform is called Essence (Jīng)." Essence is the refinement produced when "One Qi" (unified vital energy) undergoes transformation.
Relationship between Jīng and Shén: Essence is the material basis for Spirit. When Essence is abundant, Spirit is vigorous; when Essence declines, Spirit weakens. The cultivation method in Neiye first seeks the arrival of Essence by "Respectfully clearing the dwelling place," then stabilizes it through "Stern countenance and reverence," ultimately reaching the "apex of Spirit-Clarity"—when Essence is full, Spirit becomes bright.
In Pre-Qin literature, Essence, Vital Energy, and Spirit are often discussed together: The Zhuangzi, Keyi states: "Pure and unmixed, still and unchanging, bland and without action, moving according to the way of Heaven—this is the Way of nurturing Spirit." It also says: "The Way of pure simplicity is only to guard Spirit. Guard it and do not lose it, and you become one with Spirit. The essence of the One penetrates, aligning with the natural order of Heaven and Earth." Here, Essence, Spirit, and the One are integrated.