A Critical Analysis of 'Shen' and 'Zhi' in the Core Passages of the Guanzi's 'Nei Ye' and an Inquiry into Pre-Qin Theories of Mind and Nature
This paper offers an in-depth interpretation of the central passage in the *Guanzi*'s 'Nei Ye'—'That which can transform one thing is called *Shen* (Spirit/Divine); that which can change one affair is called *Zhi* (Wisdom)'—systematically reviewing the philosophical concepts of *Shen*, *Zhi*, *Jing* (Essence), *Qi* (Vital Force), and the *Dao* in the Pre-Qin period to elucidate their pivotal role in self-cultivation and the integration of inner sageliness with outer kingship.
Section 1: Explication of the Original Text
"化不易气，变不易智" (Transformation does not change Qi; Change does not change Zhi.)
This couplet follows directly from the preceding lines, further revealing the operational principles of Shén and Zhì.
"Huà bù yì qì" (Transformation does not change Qi)—Huà is the process of nurturing all things; "bù yì" means not to change; qì refers to essence and vital energy (jīng qì). The whole line means: In the process of nurturing all things, one does not change (i.e., deplete) one's own essence and vital energy.
"Biàn bù yì zhì" (Change does not change Zhi)—Biàn is the process of adapting to all affairs; "bù yì" means not to change; Zhì refers to intelligence and clear perception. The whole line means: In the process of adapting to all affairs, one does not change (i.e., lose) one's own intelligence.
These seemingly simple lines contain exceedingly profound philosophical insights.