A Critical Analysis of 'Shen' and 'Zhi' in the Core Passages of the Guanzi's 'Nei Ye' and an Inquiry into Pre-Qin Theories of Mind and Nature
This paper offers an in-depth interpretation of the central passage in the *Guanzi*'s 'Nei Ye'—'That which can transform one thing is called *Shen* (Spirit/Divine); that which can change one affair is called *Zhi* (Wisdom)'—systematically reviewing the philosophical concepts of *Shen*, *Zhi*, *Jing* (Essence), *Qi* (Vital Force), and the *Dao* in the Pre-Qin period to elucidate their pivotal role in self-cultivation and the integration of inner sageliness with outer kingship.
Section 5: The Power of "One Word"—Historical Cases
Pre-Qin literature contains many historical instances where "one word" caused the world to submit.
(1) Yao's Abdication
The Shangshu, Yao Dian records Yao saying: "Ah! You four venerable lords! I have been in office seventy years; you are able to take up the charge and relinquish my position to me$32" And again: "Brightly I manifest the obscure." Finally, he abdicated the world to Shun. Yao's "one word"—relinquishing the world—was accepted by everyone under Heaven. Why$33 Because this decision arose entirely from a "public mind" (Gōng xīn)—not treating the world as private property, but selecting the most virtuous person to govern.
(2) The Edicts of the Duke of Zhou
The Shangshu, Kang Gao records the Duke of Zhou admonishing Kang Shu: "Your illustrious late father King Wen was able to clearly understand Virtue and cautiously apply punishments; he dared not slight the widowed and orphaned; he acted with propriety, with deference, and with awe, thereby making the people clear." The words of the Duke of Zhou have served as a model for millennia, and all under Heaven listened and believed. Why$34 Because these words sprang from Gōng—thinking of the common people, not seeking profit for a single clan.
(3) Guan Zhong's Words
The Guanzi, Da Kuang records Guan Zhong advising Duke Huan of Qi: "If Your Lord wishes to achieve hegemony and undertake great endeavors, you must start from the essential matters." Guan Zhong's "one word"—starting from the fundamentals—convinced Duke Huan and entrusted him with great responsibility. The reason this word was "Dé" (appropriate) is that it struck precisely at the fundamental need of Qi at that time, arising from a judgment of Gōng.